一般过去时与现在完成时用法比较
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延
续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now. ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 一般过去时与过去完成时
一般过去时与过去完成时的11 个测试点
一般过去时与过去完成时都可表示过去的动作或状态，它们既有联系又有区别，极易混淆。1. 表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算，用过去完成时。常用的动词有intend , mean , hope , expect , suppose , think , want 等。
I had meant to call on you , but was prevented from doing so . 我本打算给你打电话，但被其它事给耽搁了。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来打算能来看望你。
They had wanted to help her but couldn’t get there in time . 他们本想帮她的忙，却没有及时赶
到那里。
过去完成时的这种用法也可以换为：
Had + hoped ( … ) = hoped + to + have + done
I had wanted to see you , but found you were out . = I wanted to have seen you , but found you were out .
2. 在由told , said , knew , heard , thought 等动词后的宾语从句
中常用过去完成时。She said she had never been to Paris .
3. 注意在句型hardly … when , no sooner … than 的主句中用过去完成时。当hardly 和no sooner 谓语句首时主句要用倒装结构。
She had hardly sat down when she heard her name called by the monitor . = Hardly had she sat down when she heard her name called by the teacher .
4. 表达过去两个动作如第一个动作完成后才能引起第二个动作，则第一个动作用过去完成时，第二个用一般过去时。
When he had drunk all the wine , he left his house .
When he reached home , he found his house had been broken into and lot of things stolen .
5. 若句中有表示过去的时间时，在由had rather ；I wish 后的宾语从句中用过去完成时。
I would rather you had told me the truth last time . 我宁愿你上次把实话告诉我。
She wished she had been there yesterday . ( 事实是：She wasn’t there)
6. 在与过去相反的虚拟语气中，条件句用过去完成时。特别要注意该结构省if 后的倒装结构。If John had studied hard last term , he would have made great progress .
Had he known that you were busy last week , he wouldn’t have given y ou so much trouble .
7. 在过去某时之前的继续动作，表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间，则用过去完成时，并与for , since 等词连用。
He had been ill for a week when he was went to the hospital . 他被送医院时已病了一星期了。He said he had worked in that factory since 1984 . 他说他从1984 年以来一直在那家工厂工作。
8. 两个或两个以上的动作，用and , then 或but 等连接，按照动作发生的顺序表达时，用一般过去时，表示过去发生的连续的动作。
The man got up , put on his cap and went away . 那人站了起
来，戴上帽子走了。
I lost the hat which I had bought .
9. 过去完成时以过去某时间为起点，表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。也就是，过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到它。
一般过去时以现在时间为起点，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。He died three years ago . 他三年前死了。
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema . 我到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
We had learned 1000 English words by the end of last term . 到上学期末我们已学了1000 个英语单词。
10. 在间接引语中，以过去完成时代替直接引语中的一般过去时和现在完成时。但是如果叙述的是历史事实时，只用一般过去时，不用过去完成时。
She said that she had seen the film . 她说她已看过这个电影。 He asked me whether I had done it the night before . 他问我昨天是否做了那件事。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered ( 不用had discovered) America in 1492 . 我们老师告诉我们哥伦布是1492 年发现美洲的。
由before , after , as soon as 等引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已表示出时间的先后比较紧凑，所以可用过去时来代替过去完成时。
After he closed the door , he left the house . 他关上门，离开了屋子。
We (had ) arrived home before it rained . 下雨前我们到家了。 试比较下列两句的时态：
The train started just before we reached the station . The train had gone when we arrived the station .
另外，常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有already , still , yet , just ,
ever , never , hardly , scarcely 以及由by , before , since , for ,after , until , as soon as 等构成的短语或从句。
常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday , last night , then , at that time , just now , a few days ago, in 1960 , once upon a time 以及由when , while , after , before 等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句。
现在完成时与过去完成时的比较用法 一：两种完成时的主要用法 A现在完成时的主要用法：
1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一对现在造成的影响或结果的动作。例如：
-Have you had your lunch yet? -Yes, I have just had it.
2)表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。可以表示从过去从某一事可延续到现在(包括”现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用.此时动词多是延续性动词。例如：
I have been at this school for 2 years. -I am sorry to keep you waiting.
-Oh, not at all. I have been here only few minutes. B过去完成时的主要用法如下：
1)过去完成时至一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成或结束，即发生在”过去的过去”。例如：
When I woke up, it has stop raining.
2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才能使用。
He told me he had written a new book.
3)过去完成时通常需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already/yet/still/before/just/never
等
时
间
adv
及
by/at/before/until等引导词的组或从句连用。
Before dark yesterday we had repaired all the broken desks. 4)过去完成时某一动作或状态在过去某时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这已过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year he had taught in this school for 20 years.
5)在wish引导的宾语从句中，若表示过去的一种难以实现的愿望时，常用过去完成时。
I wish had not made a single mistake in last exam.
6）动词如hope/expect/think/mean/suppose/want 等后接不定式或宾语从句，若表示过去为实现的愿望，打算或意图，尝使用过去完成时，其后的分句则通常用一般过去时。
I had wanted to see you, but I was too busy to get away. 二两种时态的判断依据
A.现在完成时的判断依据：凡表示过去发生或已经完成且对现在造：凡表示过去发生或已经完成且对现在造成影响或结果的动作；或过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可以用现在完成时。
I have washed my clothes. B.过去完成时判断的依据：
1)过去完成时的句子中一般都以一个明确的时间或装于从句来表示过去某一个时间点；而在含有宾语从句的句子中，主语的动词就表示过去的某一时间点。也就是说时间点就是过去完成时判断依据.
Jims aid that he had seen the film twice.
注意过去的过去这种逻辑关系有时需要通过上下文体现,而不一定受时间状语的限制.
There had been someone in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.
2)过去完成时常用于一些固定的关系中.如意为”一……就”,其主句多使用过去完成时. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
3)在没有明确的过去时间状语标志时,位于东磁发生的时间的先后顺序依据上下文来判断;后发生的用一般过去时.
Jim had not studied hard, so he did not pass the exam. 4)当两个获两个以上接连发生的动作用and 或but 连接时,安事件发生顺序,可用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在等引导的从句中,由于这些词本身已经表示出时间的先后, 所以也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时.
He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down. I (had )called him before left here.
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