现在完成时精讲和专练
I.
定义：
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态 II. 现在完成时的结构 肯定句：have/has+ done (过去分词) 否定句：主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)+其他. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)+其他. 简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定) 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。
如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。
III. 现在完成时的标志
1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 现在完成时通常和，ever, never, twice（once…）, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在过去几年） , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来） 等词连用
说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：
I have already finished my homework.
I haven’t finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet? They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里) I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿) I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。
①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志
注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;
2)不能与when连用
IV. 现在完成时的用法
A．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。例如：
The car has arrived. 车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）
B. 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如：
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My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。
How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了？ 注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。例如： (1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。
错误：I have bought the book for three months. 正确：I have had the book for three months. (2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？
错误：How long has your brother joined the army?
正确：How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier?
延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 leave --- be away put on→ wear borrow --- keep come/become/go --- be here buy --- have fall asleep --- be asleep die --- be dead get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in) begin/start --- be on get to know --- know finish --- be over join----be a member of ... (成为…的一员) fall ill ---be ill open ---be open get up---be up close ---be closed catch a cold --- have a cold
用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如：
He has been in the Green China for three years.
He has been a member of the Green China for three years. 他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。
The old man died 4 years ago.---- The old man has been dead for 4 years. He joined the Party 2 years ago.---- He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago.---- I have had the book for 5 days.
表示时间段的短语有:
for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。
V. 现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别
1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
I saw this film yesterday.（强调动作发生的时间是yesterday 。）
I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
2一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：…ago, last week/...
In 2008, in the past, just now, the day before yesterday, yesterday ... Then(那时),that day, one day, once(从前) 现在完成时常和recently（近来），ever, never, twice, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。
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现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
VI. 比较since和for
since 后接时间点， for后接时间段，试比较：
I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.
My aunt has worked in a company since 1949. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
VII. 比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in
have(has) been to...表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has) gone to表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等
He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海 He has been to Shanghai.
他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了) He has gone to Shanghai.
他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里) Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了 语法练习
I. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化
1.He died 10 years ago. ——He ______________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago. 2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. ——He _____________the book for 2 weeks.
3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ——He ___________the motorbike for a month. 4. He arrived here three days ago.—He ____________here since three days ago. 5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. —— The light __________for 2 hours. 6. He left here 2 years ago.——— He ____________from here for 2 years. 7. The film began 30 minutes ago. ——The film __________ for 30 minutes. 8. They opened the door an hour ago. —— The door __________ for an hour. 9. They closed the door an hour ago. ——The door ___________for an hour.
10. He joined the army last year. ——He _____________ a _______ for a year. He _____________ the army for a year. It ____ a year ____ he joined the army. II. 单项选择。
( )1. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written ( )2. Have you met Mr. Li ____？ Ａ. Just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago ( )3. —How long have you ____ here ? —About two months . Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived ( )4. —Our country ____ a lot so far .
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed; better ( )5. —______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
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Ａ.Did; do; finished Ｂ.Have; done; finished Ｃ.Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish ( )6. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known ( )7. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I _____ twice. Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw ( )8. —These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really? When _____ there ? Ａ. will they go Ｂ.did they go Ｃ. do they go ( )9. Zhou Lang ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied ( )10. His father ______ the Party since 1998 . Ａ.joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in ( )11. —Do you know him well ? — Sure .We ______ friends since ten years ago . Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become ( )12. He has ___ been to Shanghai, has he ? Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever ( )13. Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes . Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been on ( )14. It ___ ten years since he left the army . Ａ. Is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will ( )15. Miss Green isn't in the office. She_______ to the library.
Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been ( )16. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years. Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to Ｃ. have gone to ( )17. The students have cleaned the classroom, ____? A. so they B. don’t they C. have they ( )18. has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived ( )19. His uncle for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 二、句型转换。
1、He has never surfed, ____________ ?（改成附加疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2001. (提问) ___________ have they been here?
3、The old man _________ last year. He ____________for a year. (die) （动词填空） 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory ____________________ for twenty years. 5、Miss Green left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Green ____________________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句） Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ . 三、汉译英。
Ｄ. knew Ｄ.see
Ｄ. have they gone Ｄ. are; studying Ｄ. has been in Ｄ. have made Ｄ. still Ｄ. began Ｄ. was
Ｄ. have been D. haven’t they
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1、他昨天收到一封信。________________________________________________ 2、我父亲以前到过长城。_______________________________________________ 4、她去过上海。______________________________________________________ 5、他这些天上哪儿去了？____________________________________ 现在完成时练习 ：一、 单项选择。
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish 11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in 12、—Do you know him well ?
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made 21.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away 22. I ______ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in 23.The factory ____ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened 24.Mary and Rose ____friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become 26.The meeting _____ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over 27.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught 30. How long _______ he ________ ?
A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead 31. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept 32.He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought B. has bought C. has had
33.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been
35.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take
40.----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep 二、 句型转换。
1、He has never surfed, ______?（改成反意疑问句） 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory ______ for twenty years.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句） Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
一、用过去时或现在完成时填空：
1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.”
“When ________ you __________ (have) it?” “I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.” 2. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?” “Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.” 3. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”
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4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.” 5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work. 6. Your father _________ (finish) his work just now. 7. Last term I __________ (learn) many English words. 8. They ____________ (not read) the interesting books yet.
9. He _____________ never ____________ (go) to the science museum. 10. ____________ you ever ____________ (drink) coke?
11.Have you _____________ (buy) a dictionary? “ “Yes, I __________ .”
“Where______ you ___________(buy) it?” “ I _________(buy) it in a bookstore.” “When ___________ you _____________ (buy) it?” “ Yesterday.” 二、用since和for填空
1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month 4.______ 1999 5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock 7. ______ 4 hours 9. _______ we were children 11.______ she left here 12. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
14. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
15. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
三、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。 1) Where is Jack? He __________ his country. 2) David ________ the park just now.
3) John _______ England since he came back. 4) How long _____ have _____ this village? 5) The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.
6) _____ you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I _____ there many times. 7) I _____ this school since three years ago. 8) Where is Jim? He _____ the farm.
9) When_____ he _____? He _______ an hour ago.
10) Would you like to _____ the zoo with me? ---Yes, but I _____ there before. 11) Where _____ you _____ now? --- I ____ the zoo. 12) He often _____ swimming.
13) _____ you ______ there last year?
14) _____ they often ______ skating in winter? 四、综合练习:
I. 用never, ever, already, yet, for, since填空
1. I have _______ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.
2. Jack has _________ finished his homework ________ an hour ago. 3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school ________ ten years.
4. “Have you ________ seen the film?” “No, I have ________ seen it.” 5. “Has the bus left _______?” “Yes, it has _________ left.”
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