要想说好英语语音，就要有英语语音的一些基本知识。 1．关于语音的几个概念
1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2)音标：词的语音形式。
3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。apˈple, stuˈdent, teaˈcher, underˈstand 5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi 8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it 9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2. 医学英语术语有两大读音规则：一条是常规读音规则，与公共英语大致相同，主要适用于Anglo－Saxon源的亚医学术语；另一条是特殊发音规则，主要适用于希腊与拉丁源医学术语。特殊发音规则包括辅音字母读音、元音字母读音以及音节种类判断三个部分。辅音字母读音主要受希腊语的影响；元音字母读音主要受拉丁语的影响；音节种类判断主要指含两个以上构词形的复合词。
第一节 辅音字母的读音
医学术语中辅音的发音基本与英语单词辅音的发音一样，只有极少数字母及字母组合的发音有些特殊。
1.1单独字母的读音[ˈ]
①c 在a，o，u前发音[k]：cardiac；在e，i，y前，发音[s]: placenta [plə'sentə] ②g 在a，o，u前发音[ɡ]:gastral ['ɡæstrəl]；在e，i，y前，发音[d/]：emergency
③x 在词首发音[z]：xanthine['zænθin]；其他发音[ks]:axilla [æk'silə]
1.2辅音组合发音
ch,ph 和 rh 是常见的辅音组合，它们常常以一个整体出现在一个词中，它们的发音也与单独的辅音发音关系不大。
①ch [tʃ]：choke[tʃəuk],[k]:chronic[ˈkrɔnik] ②ph [f]： phobia['fəʊbi:ə] ③rh [r]： rhinal['rainl]]
④sch[sk]: schizont [ˈskizɔnt]] , schizoid ['skizɔid] 1.3双辅音中的不发音字母
mn，cn，pn，ps，pt，gn等，在词首时，前一个辅音不发音，在词中时两个辅音都发音。
①mn [n]:mnemonics[nɪˈmɔnɪks]记忆术,[mn]:amnesia[æ mˈni:zɪə]遗忘症 ②cn [n]:cnemial[ˈni:miəl胫,[kn]:gastrocnemius[ɡæstrɔkˈni:miəs]腓肠肌 ③pn [n]:pneumonia[nju:ˈməuniə]肺炎,[pn]:apnea[[' æpni:ə]呼吸暂停 ④ps [s]:psychology[saiˈkɔlədʒi]心理学 ,[ps]:capsule[ˈkæpsju:l] 胶囊 ⑤pt [t]:ptosis['təusis] 下垂症,上睑下垂；[pt]:hemoptysis[hiˈmɔptisis]咳血 ⑥gn [n]:gnathitis [næ'θaitis]颌炎；[gn]:pregnancy['preɡnənsi]]怀孕
其他不发音的双辅音：rh：h不发音，它只是送气音的拼写特征，rhinal['rainl]]鼻的；ph：ph后面紧跟th时，ph不发音 phthisis [ˈθaɪsɪs,] 肺结核。
参考文献：杨明山.医学英语术语教程[M].上海：上海中医药大学出版社，2006:21.
Vocabulary and Grammar
1. In the wife’s eyes, his _____ to their marriage life is far from perfect. A) requirement B) commitment C) participation D) reflection
2. In the event of SARS, some _____ it while others lost their courage to do anything about it.
A) came up to B) lived up to C) faced up to D) caught up to
3. Experts have _____ with some effective measures to prevent the disease from spreading.
A) caught up B) put up C) come up D) kept up
4. If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to_____ the skills they need to succeed. A) require B) inquire C) acquire D) enquire
5. As a result of his hard work, he has gained______ to the Beijing University. A) access B) commitment C) opportunity D) reward
6. With the supplies of nurses below _____, the local government decided to recruit(招募) volunteers.
A) acquirements B) assignments C) commitment D) requirements
7. Only when one is ______ of one’s getting behind is one more likely to catch up. A) critical B) aware C) visual D) effective
8. It is better for you to be _____ about its consequences before you take any action. A) positive B) absolute C) critical D) favorite
9. As an ideal _____ to the spread of SARS, this medicine is now in great demand. A) barrier B) commitment C) challenge D) access
10. When her business goes wrong, she tends to _____ for advice. A) get access to B) come across C) reach out D) speak up
11. The most important for us now is to _____what is to be done next. A) allow of B) reflect on C) feel like D) remind of
12. It is best to _____ wear through friction in designing the parts of every machine. A) have insight into B) come up with C) allow for D) reflect on
13. Good habits of living have proved to be of much _____ to our health. A) barrier B) benefit
C) immunity D) commitment
14. Now that we have learned to see things _____, we can find that there are two sides to anything in the world.
A) in part B) from a perspective C) on their part D) in perspective
15. As a(n) _____ job, it requires much time and commitment and persistence. A) unwilling B) demanding C) embarrassing D) frustrating
16. The _____ to be better than others drives him to work harder than before. A) uniqueness B) eagerness C) awareness D) effectiveness
17. For your study to stay in a ______ cycle, you must keep up with the progress of the course.
A) virtuous B) virtual C) visual D) vital
18. Anyone that goes against the social order is _____ to answer for his action. A) possibly B) probably C) likely D) normally
19. There is much that can be done about the accidents _____ from carelessness. A) arose B) arisen C) arising D) arise
20. _____ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others. A) Dislike B) Unlike C) Alike D) Liking
21. On the conference, representatives from different countries _________ different viewpoints on this matter.
A) put out B) put off C) put forth D) put down
22. The _____ of the seasons has long been observed by people in all parts of the world.
23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so _____ as to be able to change brain chemistry.
A) influential B) monstrous C) vigorous D) powerful
24. The footballer made a(n) _____ gesture, which made the audience’s blood boil. A) mature B) offering C) offensive D) hesitative
25. However, at times this balance in nature is ____, resulting in a number of possible unforeseen effects.
A) troubled B) disturbed C) confused D) disgusted
26. Since evidence of the fraud came to light, Congress has been demanding a ______ investigation.
A) horrible B) thorough C) thoughtful D) weird
27. Tax cuts are the most important ______ the government has for stimulating the economy.
A) instruction B) toast C) instrument D) stuff
28. Spitting on the ground is not only ______ but also harmful to others’ health. A) blasting B) banging C) grabbing D) disgusting
29. The residents here complain that they have been intensely _____ by the endless noises from the building sites for weeks.
A) annoyed B) pierce C) wrapped D) destroyed
30. The news made many scientists ______ that the living environment on the planet
has been going worse.
A) awful B) upset C) tuneless D) lucky
31. It is not surprising that in modern times the _______ in this month may be out of date in next.
A) fashion B) anchor C) section D) brow
32. The idea of winning the eyes of the people around ____ powerfully to some youngsters, so they are eagerly identifying themselves.
A) defy B) expel C) attract D) appeals
33. We are expecting to see that the concerted research work will come up with a _____ solution to the problem.
A) permanent B) perspective C) persistent D) persuasive 34. He made ______ alterations to his flat and then sold it at a huge profit.
35. Although there is no easy cure for SARS at present, some of its causes have been ______ by experts.
A) rebelled B) distracted C) bolted D) identified
36. A positive answer makes you feel good, but a(n) ______ one teaches you a lot. A) affirmative B) negative C) offensive D) tuneless
37. At the early stage of a child’s development, the family tends to have a greater _____ on him than his school.
A) instrument B) identity C) communication D) influence
38. More and more people began to ______ the relationship between man and nature, especially after the event.
A) get rid of B) go too far C) be concerned about D) burst into
39. It is a common practice in western countries that one must make a(n) _____ before seeing his doctor or visiting a friend.
A) anchor B) appointment C) makeup D) toast
40. When she was told that her cat was killed by the neighbor’s dog, the old lady _____ tears.
A) reached for B) bolted out C) burst into D) turn on 41. The young people are _____ of their responsibility toward society. A) consistent B) conscious C) sensitive D) sensual
42. She was so ______ in her job that she didn’t hear someone knocking at the door. A) attracted B) drawn C) absorbed D) concentrated
43. When she was criticized, she claimed that it was outside her ______ of responsibility. A) field B) limit C) extent D) range
44. Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s _____ policies.
A) economical B) economy C) economic D) economics
45. One rainy night the policeman had a chance ______ with a gang of smugglers. A) acquaintance B) encounter C) account D) interview
46. A defect of vision prevents him from ______ eyes accurately on an object. A) emphasizing B) relaxing C) focusing D) achieving
47. The days when he was ______ his best is already a thing of the past. A) in B) on C) with D) at
48. The problem with your conduct is that what you do is not ______ with what you say.
A) consistent B) continuous C) considerate D) continual
49. ______ with his new teaching method, we need to take a critical look at our traditional ones.
A) Cursed B) Depressed C) Impressed D) Fed up
50. When business is in ______ ,there is usually an obvious increase in unemployment. A) conviction B) relaxation C) depression D) competition
51. In most cases, the ______ of a person who sits on a pin is to leap into the air. A) reaction B) behavior C) function D) instance 52. She was delighted in _____ of friends and relatives.
A) accommodation B) entertainment C) conviction D) commitment 53. Computer software ______ some 70 percent of our range of products. A) picks up B) focuses C) accounts for D) is based on
54. Try to ______ your mind into the future and imagine what life will be like then. A) subject B) object C) project D) reject\\
55. Animals can become unusually ______ when they are upset by a sudden environment change.
A) puzzling B) dominant C) aggressive D) vigorous
56. Rich as they were in forms, the speaker’s ______ seemed unrelated to his speech. A) signs B) gestures C) symptoms D) symbols 57. We were depressed ______ the bad news. A) at B) in C) for D) on
58. The wife felt so angry at the husband’s dominance that she could remain ______ no longer.
A) positive B) passive C) optimistic D) pessimistic
59. The clothes a person wears may express his ______ or social position. A) estate B) stature C) esteem D) status
60. So clear was his ______ of the case that others had no more to say. A) attitude B) presentation C) comment D) remark
61. My grandfather had suffered from cancer for two years. It was no surprise when I was told that he had _____.
A) passed off B) passed away C) passed by D) passed over
62．____ the question of the time given to teaching preparations, there are two other requirements for a qualified teacher. A) Except from B) Away from C) Apart from D) Beside from
63. If it were not for the fact that he was a millionaire, she ____ him. A) might never marry B) will never marry C) would never have married D) would never marry
64. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by _____ them that I managed to get them on.
A) spreading B) squeezing C) stretching D) bending
65. You will probably _____ your team’s chance to win because you seem to have such a great ______ them.
A) affect; influence B) effect; influence
C) affect; effect on D) effect; affect on
66. A bridge can be defined ____ a structure getting over an obstacle, such as a river, a road or railways.
A) like B) as C) with D) to
67. When I took my car to the garage, they soon ____ what the trouble was. A) emerged B) realized C) explored D) diagnosed
68. What made her heart _____ was the sight of many people begging in the streets. A) bleed B) blood C) bleeder D) bled
69. Our country has launched a(n) ____ for healthy styles of living. A) war B) battle C) campaign D) action
70. He departed ____ to catch the train only to find his ticket was left in home. A) in hurry B) in haste C) in a haste D) with haste 71. The contract will be signed ____ the ceremony. A) prior to B) by priority of C) previous of D) precious to
72. There are some areas which are still densely populated ____ their severe weather conditions.
A) due to B) with regard to C) regardless of D) but for 73. He’s watching TV? He’s ____to be cleaning his room. A) known B) supposed C) regarded D) considered
74. The public has appealed to the government to find a ____ to the problem of pollution. A) result B) response C) settlement D) solution
75. It was not until he arrived in class _____ realized he had forgotten his book. A) when he B) that he C) and he D) he
76. Seeing he was ____ with his luggage, I offered to help him. A) infected B) embarrassed C) mugged D) confused
77. So little ____ with each other that the neighbors could not settle their difference. A) agreed did they B) did they agree C) they agree D) they did agree 78. It is advisable for us to ____a more open policy. A) adapt B) adjust C) agree D) adopt 79. There are several ways to _____ this problem. A) implement B) approach C) thrust D) dispose
80. The conference ____ the possibility of closer trade links between the two countries.
A) explored B) implemented C) established D) constituted
81. When crossing a busy street, we should be very _______ of the speeding cars. A) ignorant B) cautious C) capable D) alert
82. I enjoyed all his novels with the ______ of his last. A) excursion B) expedition C) exception D) explosion
83. Man is controlled by his _____ as well as by his reason. A) instinct B) distinct C) institution D) impulse 84. Have _____ on him, he is only a boy. A) care B) mercy C) pity D) attention
85. Archeologists _____ great value to the set of ancient cooking vessels unearthed in Shaanxi province.
A) granted B) devoted C) attached D) directed
86. I need to _____ my English if I’m going to Canada for my holidays. A) polish up B) look through C) add up D) go through
87. Any blind exploitation of natural resources should be seen as a ____ against our offspring.
A) guilty B) sin
C) robbery D) violence
88. The favorable changes in her appearance are often ____ through hairdressing. A) afflicted B) affected C) effected D) infected
89. The young man _____ his accuser and conducted his own defense in court. A) opposed B) resisted C) confronted D) withstood
90. Nuclear science should be developed to benefit people _____ harm them. A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better than
91. I hate people who _____ the end of a film that you haven’t seen before. A) reveal B) rewrite C) revise D) reverse
92. It was reported that 20 people were _____ in the traffic accidents yesterday. A) wounded B) injured C) cruised D) confronted
93. He explained to us what they _____ doing in the next year. A) intended B) attended C) extended D) pretended
94. The housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full _____.
A) capacity B) strength
C) length D) possibility
95. He has _____ a number of journals this morning for the information he needs badly. A) looked through B) looked on C) looked over D) looked at
96. She may be _____ if you don’t reply to her soon. A) injured B) wounded C) offended D) offensive 97. The equator is an _____ line.
A) imaginable B) imaginative C) imaginary D) imagining
98. Even as a child he showed an inclination to ______ over the other children. A) dominate B) rule C) govern D) inspect
99. We _____ complete equality between men and women. A) omit B) suggest C) advocate D) agree
100. Thanks to the progress in medicine, the life _____ of people throughout the world was greatly extended.
A) temple B) span
C) dam D) residence
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