结构︰It is＋天气＋in＋四季名称。
说明︰此句型意为“在某季节天气是„”。it 此处指天气＝the weather；<介系词> in，常加在四季名称的前面。
It is warm in spring. 春天天气是暖和的。 It is cold in winter. 冬天天气是寒冷的。 It is hot in summer. 夏天天气是炎热的。 It rains a lot in ...
结构︰It rains／snows＋a lot＋in＋地方。
说明︰此句型意为“在某地下很多的雨／雪”。<代名词> it 可用于指“天候”，如下雨，下雪等。常放在句首，当<主词>。rain 当“下雨”解，是<动词>，a lot 当<副词>，用于修饰<动词>。相当于 very much。 It rains a lot in Taipei. 在台北下很多的雨。 It snows a lot in New York. 在纽约下很多的雪。 It showers a lot in Guangzhou. 在广州下很多阵雨。 This is my ...
结构︰This is＋所有格（my／your／„）＋名词。
说明︰相当于“This＋名词＋is＋所有代名词（mine／yours／„）。”<所有代名词>由“ <所有格>＋s”构成，如 yours，ours，theirs，hers。但是 mine， his 二字除外，字尾不可加 s。<所有代名词>用于代替句前已出现的<名词>，故后面不可接<名词>。<所有格>不可与 a，an，the，this，that，these 或 those 等一起使用。
This is my pen. 这是我的钢笔。 This pen is mine. 这钢笔是我的。 This is your box. 这是你的箱子。 This box is yours. 这箱子是你的。 This is his bicycle. 这是他的脚踏车。 This bicycle is his. 这脚踏车是他的。
My pen is ...
结构︰所有格（My／Your／„）＋名词＋be 动词＋形容词。
说明︰此句型意为“某人的„是„”。相当于“所有代名词（Mine／Yours／„）＋be 动词＋形容词。”译为“某人的是„”。<所有格>的后面必须接<名词>。当<主词>用的<所有代名词>，如果代替单数<名词>，则取单数<动词>；如果代替复数<名词>，则取复数<动词>。 My pen is new. 我的钢笔是新的。
Our bedroom is small. 我们的卧室是小的。 Their cars are blue. 他们的汽车是蓝色的。 Mine is new. 我的是新的。
Ours is small. 我们的是小的。
Theirs are blue. 他们的是蓝色的。 Are these your pens?
结构︰问句：Be 动词＋主词＋所有格＋名词„？
答句：Yes／No，主词＋be／not＋所有代名词。
说明︰<名词>的<所有格>和<所有代名词>完全相同，都是在<名词>的后面加（’s）。
Are these Mary’s pens? No, they are not hers. 这些是玛丽的笔吗？不，它们不是她的。 Are those Bob’s books? Yes, they’re his. 那些是鲍伯的书吗？是的，它们是他的。 Is this your parents’ apartment? No, it’s my brother’s. 这是你双亲的公寓吗？不，它是我兄弟的。 One/Each of the ...
结构︰One／Each of the＋复数名词（或代名词）＋单数动词„。
说明︰此句型意为“„其中之一（每一个）„”。one，each 为<不定代名词>，one (each) of 指“二者
以上”的每一个；跟随 of 表示限定范围的若为<名词>，则<名词>前须加 the，若为复数 <代名词>，前面不加 the。该结构中<动词>须用单数。
One of the boys is nice. 这些男孩之中有一位是好的。
One of them needs a new jacket. 他们之中有一位需要一件新夹克。
Each of the theaters has different movies. 每家电影院都上映不同的电影。 Both of the girls are ...
结构︰Both／Three／Some／Many／All of the＋复数名词（或代名词）＋复数动词＋„。
说明︰此句型意为“„其中两个（三个，一些，许多，全部）„”。both，three，some，many，all都是<不定代名词>；若跟随 of 表示限定范围的为复数<代名词>，则<代名词>前不加 the。该结构中<动词>须用复数。
Both of the girls are nice. 这两位女孩是好的。
Many of the supermarkets are having sales. 很多这些超级市场正在举行拍卖。 Three of the students came here yesterday. 这些学生中有三位昨天来这里。 ... who ...
结构︰主词（人）＋关系代名词（Who）＋动词＋„。
说明︰who 是主格<关系代名词>，引导<形容词子句>，前面的先行词接“人”，后面接<动词>，必须和先行词保持一致。who 可用 that 代替。
The man who called was tired. 打电话的那个男人是疲倦的。 The boy who is speaking to Helen enjoys playing soccer. 正在跟海伦谈话的那男孩喜爱踢足球。
People who use their free time well are usually healthy and happy. 善于利用空闲时间的人通常健康又快乐。
... which ...
结构︰主词＋动词＋名词（物）＋关系代名词（which）＋动词„。
说明︰which 可作主格或受格<关系代名词>，引导<形容词子句>，前面的先行词接“动物”或“事物”，后面接<动词>，必须和先行词保持一致。
Here is a book, which is very interesting. 这里有一本非常有趣的书。
I like to watch TV programs which are about sports.我喜欢观赏有关运动的电视节目。
They want to sell the house, which has only one door.他们想卖掉那幢只有一扇门的房子。 ... by oneself ...
结构︰主词（人，物）＋动词＋by oneself„。
说明︰此句型意为“某人（物）自己„”。反身<代名词>的人称、数和性别，须和相关的<主词>一致。 They went to Suao by themselves. 他们自己去苏澳。
John fixed the tape recorder by himself. 约翰靠他自己修理录音机。 You can’t go mountain climbing by yourself. 你不能自己去登山。 ... that/those of ...
结构︰that／those of 作为避免重复的代名词
说明︰英文句构中，两个<名词>对称而形成<比较>的情况时，为避免重复，第二个<名词>若为单数，就改为<代名词> that；若为复数，则改为<代名词> those。不过在遇到<所有格>时，可使用<所有格>的<名词>形态取代 that 或 those。
The population of Tokyo is larger than that of London. 东京的人口比伦敦的多。 The climate here is like that of Taipei. 这儿的气候和台北非常相似。 His children are well bred, whereas those of his sister are naughty. 他的孩子很有教养，但他姊姊的孩子却调皮得很。
The students work harder than those of our school. 这些学生比我们学校的学生用功。 His car is bigger than mine. 他的车比我的大。 the former ... the latter
结构︰the former ... the latter ...
说明︰此句型意为“前者„后者„”。可代替单复数<名词>，而“that（指前者）„ this（指后者）„”
或“the one（指前者）„the other（指后者）„”，只能代替单数<名词>。若两个<名词>均为复数时，也可用“those ... these ...”取代“the former ... the latter ...”。
Virtue and vice are two different things: the former/that/the one leads to peace, the latter/this/the other to misery. 美德与邪恶是不同的，前者带来和平，后者导致痛苦。
Man differs from beasts in that the former is able to laugh, while the latter aren’t. 人不同于野兽，因前者能笑，而后者却不能。
Jane and Mary are good friends; the former is a teacher, the latter is a nurse.
珍和玛丽是好朋友，前者是老师，后者是护士。
Dogs are more faithful animals than cats; these attach themselves to places, and those to persons. 狗比猫忠心，后者依恋地方，前者依恋人。 ... one ..., the other ...
结构︰„two＋复数名词，one„the other„
说明︰此句型意为“一个„另一个„”。用于限定的两者，只有在“two＋复数<名词>”之后才能使用。 I have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka.
我有两个姑妈；一个住在东京，另一个住在大阪。
I have two dogs; one is white, and the other is brown.我有两条狗；一条白色的，一条棕色的。 The two brothers often quarrel with each other; one is stubborn, and the other (is) selfish. 这两兄弟经常吵架；一个很固执，另一个则很自私。 I don’t like this one; show me the other.
我不喜欢这个，给我看另一个。（暗示：这种东西只有两种） ... one ..., another ...
结构︰„three＋复数名词，one„another„and the other„
说明︰此句型意为“一个„一个„而另一个„”。用于限定的三者，只能在“three＋复数<名词>”之后使用。
There are three rooms; one is mine, another is my sister’s and the other is my parents’. 有三间房间：一间是我的，一间是我妹妹的，剩下的一间是我父母的。
He has three brothers; one is a teacher, another (is) a soldier, and the other an artist. 他有三个兄弟：一个是老师，一个是军人，而另一个是艺术家。
They three get along well with one another; one is married, another is still a bachelor, and the other has a girl friend.
他们三人彼此相处愉快；一个已婚，一个仍是光棍，而另一个则已有了女友。 ... one ... another ...
结构︰... one ... another ...
说明︰此句型意为“一个„而另一个„”。若有三者以上，而未加以限定时，则可使用本<句型>。 I don’t like this one; show me another.
我不喜欢这个，给我看另一个。（暗示：这种东西至少有三种以上）
At one time, she is fine, but at another, she is abnormal. 有时候，她表现得很好，有时候又失常。
I really don’t know what kind of man he really is; on one occasion, he is normal, and on another, he acts like a lunatic.我真不了解他到底是怎样的人；一会儿正常，一会儿又像个疯子。 ... one thing, ... another
结构︰... is one thing, and ... is another
说明︰此句型意为“„是一回事，而„又是另一回事”。 To know is one thing; to teach is quite another. 知道是一回事，教又是另一回事。（学者未必是良师。）
It is one thing to make money, and it is another to spend it. 赚钱是一回事，而花钱又是另一回事。
Saying is one thing, and doing is another. 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。
... one ... or another ... 结构︰one＋名词＋or another
说明︰此句型意为“某一„”。本<句型>等于“some＋<名词>＋or other”。
Most of us have to read a certain amount of material for one reason or another. 我们大多数人必须为某种理由阅读若干的资料。
He was absent from the meeting for one reason or another.他为某种理由而没有出席会议。 I am sure he will succeed one day or another. 我确信某一天他会成功的。 For one reason or another, she committed suicide. 不知什么原因，她自杀了。 ... some ... others ... 结构︰... some ... others ...
说明︰此句型意为“一些„而另一些„”。用于非限定的众群，相当于“some ... some ...”。 Some of us value peace and comfort very highly. Others value pleasure and excitement. 我们有些人非常重视安宁与舒适，有些人重视快乐与刺激。
Some of us can speak English. Others/Some can speak French.
我们有些人会说英语，有些人会说法语。
Some people believe in God and others don’t. 有人相信上帝；有人则不相信。 To some life means pleasure, to others suffering.
对一些人来说，人生的意义是享乐，对另外一些人来说则是受苦。 ... one ... the others ...
结构︰... one／some ... the others ...
说明︰此句型意为“一个／一些„其余„”。用于限定的三者以上。
We have 30 students in our class; one passed the exam, and the others (=the rest) all failed. 我们班上有三十位学生，只有一位通过考试，其余都不及格。
Of the 40 students, some do well in study, and the others are playing around. 四十个学生中，有一些功课很好，其余的都很混。
Some of the boys were late, but all the others were in time for the meeting. 男孩子中，有一些迟到了，但其余的人都及时赶上开会。 ..., some ..., others ...
结构︰... some ... others ... still others ...
说明︰此句型意为“一些„一些„而另一些„”。用于非限定的众多群，相当于“some ... some ... some ...”。
People vary in taste; some love music, some enjoy taking pictures, and still others are fond of climbing mountains. 每个人嗜好不同，有人喜欢音乐，有人喜欢摄影，还有些人喜欢爬山。
Society is made up of a variety of people; some are good, others (are) bad, and still others (are) in between.社会是由形形色色的人组成。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。 There are many people in the park; some are walking, others are jogging, and still others are doing exercises. 公园里有很多人，有的在散步，有的在慢跑，还有的在做操。 Of all (the) ..., ...
结构︰Of all（the）＋复数名词，主词＋动词„
说明︰此句型意为“在所有„之中„”。all 之后有 the，表示“所有这些„”，是特定的观念；all 之后没有 the，表示“所有的”，是泛指的观念。
Of all the fibers now used by man, a very large percentage is man-made. 现在人类所使用的所有纤维之中，有很大的百分比是人造的。 Of all books, the Bible seems to be read most widely. 在所有的书中，圣经是最广泛地被阅读的。
Of all the students in our school, Tom is mathematical genius. 在我们学校所有的学生之中，汤姆是数学天才。 含关系词之句型
... + N + who/which ...
结构︰„＋名词＋who／whom／which／that„
说明︰<关系代名词>有 who，whom，which 三种，均用以引导<形容词子句>，修饰前面的<名词>。修饰人用 who 或 whom；修饰物用 which。that 可用来取代 who，whom 或 which，但须注意其前不可置<介系词>，也不可有逗点，that 之前若有<插入语>，则不受逗点限制。作受格的 whom， which，that 在限定修饰的句构中可以省略。
Never trust a man who (that) breaks his word easily. 不要信任一个常常食言的人。 He laughs best who laughs last. 最后笑者笑得最好。
He is a man on whom I can rely. 他是我可以信赖的那一种人。
No one will buy a book which (that) is poorly written. 没有人会买一本写得很烂的书。 I have found the bicycle which (that) you lost yesterday.我发现了你昨天丢的那辆脚踏车。 I like my school, which is famous for its excellent facilities. 我喜欢我的学校，它以优良的设备出名。
Volleyball is a sport of which I am very fond. 排球是我很喜欢的运动。 He is a good boy, as far as I know, that (whom) you can trust.
据我所知，他是个好男孩，你可以相信他。
There are many things that money can’t buy. 有很多东西是金钱买不到的。
Don’t take things that do not belong to you. 不要拿不属于你的东西。 ... + N + whose ...
结构︰„＋名词＋whose„
说明︰whose 为关系<代名词的所有格>，系由 his，her，their，my，your 以及 its 等<所有格>变化而成，引导<形容词子句>。
People whose homes are in town want to live in the country.住在市区里的人希望住在乡下。 This is a short story whose easy style I love very much. 这是一则短篇小说，我很喜欢它那简单的笔调。
I envy Mike, whose car is fancy. 真羡慕麦克，他的车子真漂亮。 ... those who + V ... 结构︰those＋who＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“（那些）„的人”。those 在此是泛指一般的人。 Christmas is a time for friends and family members to see each other again and to send Christmas cards to those who live far away.
圣诞节是朋友家人互相再见，以及寄圣诞卡给住在远方的人的一段时间。 God helps those who help themselves. 自助者神助之。
We can talk to those who live far away by telephone.我们可以用电话和住在远处的人说话。 Those who abandon themselves to despair can not succeed.那些自暴自弃的人无法成功。 There is no easy way to do business, and only those who do their best to win clients can win business. 做生意无捷径可走，只有那些千方百计赢得客户的人才能赢得生意。
... all (that) ...
结构︰... all (that) ...
说明︰此句型意为“所有„的一切东西”。all 等于 everything；that 为<关系代名词>，代替 all。that 在所引导的<形容词子句>中若做<主词>时，不可省略，但若做<受词>，则往往予以省略。all that 往往可视为<复合关系代名词> what 看待。
All (that) he said is true. 他说的都是真的。
We must do all that is to be done. 我们必须做该做的事。
All (What) you have to do is (to) follow me. 你所必须要做得就是跟着我。 All (that) I want is a beautiful red car. 我所要的就是一辆美丽的红色车子。 All that he does, he does it well. 他做任何事都很出色。
All that you do, do with your might. 做任何事都应不遗余力。
All you have to do is call on the house phone. 我只要做的就是拨个室内电话。 All you have to do is learn it by heart. 你只要做的就是把它背出来。
All I have to do is persuade him to go with us. 我只要做的就是说服他跟我们一起去。 ... all + N + that ...
结构︰„all／any／every／no＋名词＋that„ 说明︰all，any，every，no 若修饰<名词>，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom，which。
All the students that work hard can definitely pass the exam. 用功的学生必能通过考试。 I have no disk that may interest you. 我没有一张唱片能引起你的兴趣。
Every student that comes here should report to me. 每一个到这里来的学生都应向我报告。 Don’t do anything that should go against his will. 不要做违背他心意的事。 ... the only N that ...
结构︰„the only／the very／the first／the last＋名词＋that„
说明︰the only，the very，the first，the last 若修饰<名词>，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom，which。
Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. 人类是唯一被赋予语言能力的动物。 He is the last person that I’ll get along with. 他是我最不愿与之相处的人。 He is the very person that knows the password. 只有他知道密码。
... the most N that ...
结构︰形容词最高级＋名词＋that„
说明︰<最高级>的<形容词>修饰<名词>时，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom， which。
This is the most interest book that I have ever read. 这是我念过的最有趣的书。 You are the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 你是我见过的最美丽的女孩。 This is the most convincing evidence that I can find to prove my point. 这是我所能找到的最令人信服的证据，以证明我的观点。 Who/What ... that ...
结构︰疑问词（who，what 等）„＋that„
说明︰为避免与疑问词重复，可使用 that 取代 who，whom，which。
Who is the boy that is standing over there? 站在那里的男孩是谁？ What is the book about that she is reading? 她在看什么书？
Where is the man that owes you $100? 那个欠你一百块的人住在哪里？
what ... V ...
结构︰what＋（主词）＋动词„
说明︰此句型意为“„的东西”。what 是<复合关系代名词>，等于 the thing which。不论“what＋<动词>„”或“what＋<主词>＋<动词>”，都是<名词子句>。“what＋<主词>＋be”译成“„的样子／情况”。 That’s what’s polluting the lake. 那就是污染湖水的东西。 What do you guess is in the box? 你猜箱子里有什么？
This is what he wanted. 这就是他要的东西。
Character is what we are when we are alone with ourselves in the dark. 品德就是自我在暗地里独处时的样子。
John is not what he was. 约翰不是以前那样的约翰了。
Without Mr. Chang, I would not be what I am.如果没有张先生的话，我就不会有现在的样子。 ... what + be + called ... 结构︰„what＋be＋called„
说明︰此句型意为“所谓的„”。等于“what＋we／you／they＋call”。
He gathered earlier writings to prepare what are called the Five Classics.
他搜集以前的作品，编成了所谓的五经。
He is very interested in what are called popular songs. 他对所谓的流行歌曲很感兴趣。 We should improve what is called the quality of living.我们应该改进所谓的生活品质。 He is what you call a “walking dictionary”. 他就是你所谓的“活字典”。 What we do is + V ...
结构︰What＋主词＋do＋is＋动词„
说明︰此句型意为“„所要做的就是„”。<主词>之后一定用 do；至于<动词>，可以看成是 to＋<动词>的 to 被省略了。
What we can not do is make a cloud produce rain if it is not ready to produce it. 我们所办不到的是要使云产生雨，如果它不是随时要产生雨的话。
What you have to do is say (put) in a good word for me.你所必须做的就是为我美言几句。 What we need to do is prepare something to eat. 我们所需要的就是准备一些吃的。 ... what is said above ... 结构︰„what is said above„
说明︰此句型意为“上面所说的”。
As we learn from what is said above, the tides can be very useful.
依照上面所说的，我们知道潮汐可以是非常有帮助的。
From what is said above, we can draw a conclusion. 由上面所说的，我们可以做一个结论。 We should pay more attention to what is said above. 我们应该更加注意上面所说的。 What follows is ...
结构︰What follows＋be 动词„
说明︰此句型意为“以下（跟着来的）是„”。What follows 是<名词子句>。若要表达其他的意思，可以把 follows 换成别的<动词>。
What follows is some excerpts of the famous speech he delivered in Washington D.C. 以下是他在华府所发表的那篇著名的演讲中的一些摘录。
What follows is the truth that men are created equal. 以下是人生而平等的真理。 What follows is the process of his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. 以下是他被颁赠一九六四年诺贝尔和平奖的过程。 ... what little + N
结构︰„what little＋不可数名词
说明︰此句型意为“所有的一点点„”。等于 all the little。
His mother sent him what little money she had saved.他的母亲把所有仅存的钱都寄给他了。 I’ll let you share what little information I have collected. 我会让你分享我所搜集的仅有的一些资料。
She was robbed of what little money she had. 她仅有的一点儿钱都被抢了。
The little boy use what little strength he had to push the door open.这小男孩使劲地把门推开。
A is to B what C is to D.
结构︰A is to B what C is to D.
说明︰此句型意为“A 之于 B 犹如 C 之于 D”。等于“A is to B as C is to D.”或“What C is to D (that) A is to B”或“As C is to D so is A to B”。这是为了让人明白 A 与 B 的关系，而利用人所熟知的 C 与 D 的关系来比喻的句法。what 是“A is to B”之 be <动词>的<补语>。 Exercise is to the body what thinking is to the brain. 运动和身体的关系，如同思考和头脑的关系。
What lungs are to the animal, leaves are to the plant.
就像肺是动物所不可缺的一样，叶子也是植物所不可或缺的。
As water is to the plant, so are books to me. 书和我的关系正如同水和植物的关系。 what with ... and ...
结构︰what with ... and (what with) ...
说明︰此句型意为“一方面因为„一方面因为„”。等于“half through ... (half through) ...”、“partly because (of) ... (partly because (of)) ...”。
What with laziness and (what with) illness, he lost his job. 一方面因为懒，一方面因为生病，他丢了工作。
What with the wind and what with the rain, our trip was ruined.
又是刮风又是下雨，我们的旅游都给搞砸了。
What with the high prices, and what with the badness of the times, we find it hard to get along. 部分因为物价高涨，部分因为时机不好，生活真是愈来愈难过了。 ... the same + N + as ... 结构︰„the same＋名词＋as„
说明︰此句型意为“与„相同的”。as 做准<关系代名词>(既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用)，相当于“as the＋前面的<名词>＋<关系代名词>（who，whom，which）引导的<形容词子句>”。 I want the same camera as you have. 我想要一只和你一样的照相机。
He is the same person as came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来这里的那个人。 He is not the same man as he used to be. 他已不是当年的他了。 ... such + N + as ... 结构︰„such＋名词＋as„
说明︰此句型意为“像„一样的”。是以 as 以下的人、物、动作、状态等为对象，比较有关种类、性质、程度、范围等。as 做准<关系代名词>(既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用)，相当于“as the＋前面的<名词>＋<关系代名词>（who，whom，which）”引导的<形容词子句>。
Such people as are friendly are easy to approach. 亲切之人容易接近。 He is not such a bad guy as you (are). 他不是那种和你一样的坏家伙。 Such a good student as he (is) will succeed. 像他这样的好学生一定会成功。 ... such ... as ...
结构︰such＋复数名词＋as＋名词„
说明︰此句型意为“像„的„；„这一类的”。as 后的<名词>有多个，表示举例说明。 From animals we get such materials as wool, silk, leather and furs. 从动物我们得到像羊毛、丝、皮革、与毛皮这样的材料。
At his birthday party, I met such people as professor, scientist and actor. 在他的生日宴会上，我遇到了像教授、科学家和演员的人。 You should eat such vegetables as carrot, celery and spinach. 你应该吃胡萝卜、芹菜和菠菜这类的蔬菜。 ... such as ...
结构︰主词＋动词„复数名词＋such as 名词1，名词2 and 名词3
说明︰此句型意为“„例如„”。such as 引导的部分是作为<名词>的补充说明。
Acid rain is harmful to amphibians such as salamanders, spring peepers, and frogs. 酸雨是有害于两栖的动物，例如鲵、春天里唧唧叫的小动物和青蛙。 In this paragraph there are many nouns, such as boy, girl, and book. 这一段里面有很多名词，例如男孩、女孩和书本。 I know many of them, such as John, Peter, and Tom.
我认识他们当中的很多人，例如约翰、彼得和汤姆。
They may choose to study foreign languages, advanced mathematics or science, such as physics or chemistry. 他们可以选择学习外国语文、高等数学或像物理、化学的科学。 We have different pies, such as apple, cherry, and strawberry pies. 我们有不同的派，例如苹果、樱桃和草莓派。
Many things pollute water, such as tires, trash, and plastic bags as is often the case ...
结构︰as／which is often the case (with) ...
说明︰此句型意为“…是常有的情形”。这是当<关系代名词>的 as 以全体<主要子句>当先行词的<句型>，可以用 which 代替 as。
He was late for school, as (which) was often the case with him. 他上学迟到，但这对他而言已是家常便饭了。
As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fond of talking about good old days. 就像其他老人一样，我祖父也老喜欢讲他当年的故事。 He quarreled with his friends, as was the often the case. 他和朋友吵架，但这已屡见不鲜。 There is no + N + but ...
结构︰There is no＋名词＋but…
说明︰此句型意为“无…而不”。but 做准<关系代名词>（既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用），相当于“who／whom／which…not…”。
There is no one but is (=who is not) concerned about his future. 没有人不关心自己的未来。 There is nothing but he can do. (=There is nothing that he can’t do.) 没有他做不到的事。 There is no rule but has exceptions. (=There is no rule that doesn’t have exceptions.) 每一种规则都有例外。
There is no one but wishes to get somewhere. 没有人不希望将来能有所成就。 There is no man but has his faults. 没有人没有缺点。 ... N + where ...
结构︰…地方名词＋where…
说明︰此句型意为“…的地方”。where 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。在限定修饰的句构中，可保留 where，而将前面的<名词>省略。 There are some countries where (=in which) the supply of fuel is very limited. 有些国家的燃料供应非常有限。
He went to the station, where (=at which) he met his father.他到车站去，见到了他父亲。 That’s (the place) where he spent most of his life. 那里就是他度过大半生的地方。 ... reach the point where
结构︰... reach the point + where ...
说明︰此句型意为“到了…的地步”。reach 可以换成 come to（到达）。
Things reached the point where the two groups sat on opposite sides of the church, glaring across the aisle. 事情到了两群人马各坐在教堂里相对的两边，隔着通道怒目相视的地步。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须彼此分手的地步。
Noise is coming to the point where we can’t put up with it. 噪音快到我们无法忍受的地步。
... N + when ...
结构︰…时间名词＋（when）…
说明︰此句型意为“…的时候”。when 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。在限定修饰的句构中，可保留 when，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 when 省略。
Tell me (the exact time) when the next train will arrive.告诉我下一班火车抵达的正确时刻。 She came in June, when (=in which) it was very hot. 她六月来，那时天气非常热。
The last time (when) I saw him, he was quite well. 最后一次看到他时，他还相当健康。
... the reason why ...
结构︰... the reason + why ...
说明︰此句型意为“…的理由”。why 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。可保留 why，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 why 省略。the reason why 无非限定用法，即 why 之前不可以加逗点。
Please tell me the reason why (=for which) you were absent. 请告诉我你为什么缺席。
Tell me the reason (why) he refused to listen to my advice.告诉我为何他拒绝听从我的劝告。 That’s (the reason) why he cried. 那就是他为何哭的原因。 ... the way how ...
结构︰... the way + how ...
说明︰此句型意为“…的方法”。how 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。可保留 how，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 how 省略。the way how 无非限定用法，即 how 之前不可以加逗点。
I don’t know the way how (=in which) he did it. 我不知道他是以何种方法做这事的。 That’s the way (how) he treats people. 那就是他的待人之道。 I know (the way) how he did it. 我知道他是以何种方法做这事的。
... whoever/whomever ...
结构︰... whoever／whomever ... 说明︰此句型意为“任何…的人”。whoever 是<复合关系代名词>，可做<主词>或<受词>，等于 anyone who； whomever 也是<复合关系代名词>，但只能做<受词>，等于 anyone whom。 Whoever commits the crime shall be sentenced to ten years in prison. 任何人犯了此罪就要被判处十年徒刑。
I’ll teach English to whoever wants to learn it. 谁想学英文，我就教他。 I hate whoever lies. 我痛恨任何一个说谎的人。 I like whomever you like. 你喜欢的人，我都喜欢。
You may dance with whomever you like at the dancing party.舞会上你想跟谁跳舞就跟谁跳。
... whatever ...
结构︰... whatever ...
说明︰此句型意为“任何…的事”。whatever 是<复合关系代名词>，可做<主词>或<受词>，等于 anything which。
Whatever she says is true. 她所说的都是实话。
They do whatever they are doing--all out.他们做任何他们所做的事－－都是全力以赴。 You can’t always do whatever you like. 你不能老是做任何你喜欢的事。 Whatever my mother cooks is to my liking. 妈妈做的菜我都喜欢。 Whatever it is. 任何存在的东西都是存在的。 ... whichever ...
结构︰... whichever ...
说明︰此句型意为“（同一类的）任何…的东西”。whichever 是<复合关系代名词>，等于 any one which。与 whatever 的用法完全相同，只不过 whichever 是指同一类的任何一项，而 whatever则指不同类的任何一项。
I have three cars, and you may have whichever you like. 我有三辆车，你可以挑一辆你喜欢的。
I have a car, a house and an orchard and you may have whatever you like best. 我有一辆车，一栋房子和一座果园，你可以挑一样你最喜欢的。 These pictures can be kept for free. You may take whichever you like. 这些画可免费拥有。你喜欢哪一幅就拿哪一幅。
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