【26.As such,every new version of the product requires a redesign and trips through the foundry,an expensive proposition,and an impediment to rapid time-to-market.而且，每次推出一个新产品都需要重新设计并经历所有制造流程。这样做不但造价昂贵，而且不利于迅速上市。
【2.Because of the very high open -loop voltage gain of the op-amp,the output is driven into positive saturation(close to+V)when the sample voltage goes slightly above the reference voltage ,and driven into negative saturation (close to -V)when the sample voltage goes slightly below the reference voltage .由于运放的开环电压增益很高，当取样电压略高于参考电压时，输出趋向于正向饱和状态（接近+V）。当取样电压低于参考电压时，输出趋向于负向饱和状态（接近-V）。
【8.Both N-type and P-type semiconductors are made by treated materials,such as germanium and silicon with impurities such as arsenic and indium.N型半导体和P型半导体是利用杂质掺入纯净半导体而形成的，如将杂质砷和铟掺入锗和硅中。
【18.By comparison,most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape,or level of the transmitted signal;parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path.相比之下，许多其他形式的传输系统是利用被传信号的波形或电平的高低来传送信息的，而这些参数又极易受到传输路径中的噪声和衰耗的影响。
【11. Digital transmission system-embodied by telegraph systems-were developed in the 1850s before analog systems-the telephone-in the twentieth
century.以电报为代表的数字传输系统研发于19世纪50年代，早于以电话为代表的模拟系统，它是20世纪才开发的。
【24.Depending on the relationship between the signal frequencies and the sampling rate,spectral inversion may cause the shape of the spectrum in the baseband to be inverted from the true spectrum of the signal.根据信号频率和采样频率之间的关系的不同，可能出现“频谱反转”现象—基带频谱的形状和信号真实频谱的形状正好相反。
【6.Each element has a separate identity of its own,that is,no two elements have the same physical and chemical properties,nor can an element be subdivided by ordinary physical and chemical means into simple element.每一种元素均有它自己的标识，也就是说，没有两个元素具有相同的物理和化学特性，一种元素也不能以普通的物理或化学方法被分为两种简单的元素。
【7.Eletrons whirl around nuclei in much the same manner that the planets of our solar system travel around the sun.The difference between an atom of one element and that of another is in the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus.电子围绕原子核旋转，其方式类似于太阳系中行星围绕太阳旋转。一种元素的原子和另一种元素的原子的差别在于其原子核中的质子数和中子数。
【16.Furthermore,we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(kHz)is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz.而且我们将证明，为了变换频率范围为300Hz~3.4kHz的话路信号，理论上的最小采样频率为6.8kHz。
【17.For example,the signal received from a satellite,located in far outer space,is very weak and is at a level only slightly above that of the noise.例如，从位于遥远太空中的卫星接收到的信号极其微弱，其电平仅比噪声稍高一点。
【27.However,for applications in which the end product must process answers in real time,or must do so while powered by consumer batteries,GPPs comparatively poor real time performance and high power consumption all but rules them out.然而，在最终产品必须实时响应的应用中，或者必须在电池供电下实现实时响应的应用中，由于GPP实时性能较差、功耗大、因此就被排除在外了。
【4.Intergraded circuits are also classified according to their functions.Digital or logical IC are used as switches,they are either on or off.In computers the on and off states correspond to 0 or 1.Other IC is called linear or analog IC.也可根据其功能不同对集成电路进行分类。数字IC（也称为逻辑IC）通常用作开关，表示接通或关断。在计算机中，接通和关断状态分别对应“0”或“1”。另一种IC被称为线性或模拟IC。
【13.In addition,the signal processor may also add parity bits to the digital word to provide channel coding so that error detection and correction can be used by the signal processor in the receiver to reduce or eliminate bit errors that are caused by noise in the channel.此外，信号处理器还可以给数码字加入奇偶校验位，即提供信道编码，使得接收机的信号处理器可以进行误码检测和纠错，以减少或消除由信道噪声所引起的误码。
【15.In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality maybe conveyed as a series of amplitude valuse,each value being
represented,that is,coded,as a sequence of 8 binary digits.在这些讨论中，我们会看到话路中的语音信号是如何转换成一个幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。
【25.If a universal microprocessor solution existed with which every design could realized,the electronics industry wouldn't be a very competitive place.假如存在可用以实现任何设计的通用微处理器的话，电子行业就不会竞争得如此激烈了。
【20. In digital communication systems,the modulating
signal(e.g.,message)may be represented as a time sequence of symbols or pulses,where each symbol has m finite states.Each symbol represents n bits of information ,where n=log2 m bits/symbol.在数字通信系统中，调制信号（比如消息）用符号或者脉冲的时间序列来表示，每一个符号有m个有限状态。每个符号表示n比特的信息，这里n=log2 m 比特/符号。
【30.Intensity is a measure of power per unit area,and even a laser that emits only a few milli-watts can produce a lot of intensity in a beam that's only a millimeter in diameter.强度是每单位面积上能量的度量，即使一个仅产生几毫瓦能量的激光器也能产生一个直径只有1毫米的高强度光束。
【31.Laser beams have been produced in every color of the rainbow(red is the most common laser color),as well as in many kinds of invisible light,but each laser can emit one color and one color only.激光束可以是彩虹中的每一种颜色（红色是最常见的激光颜色），还可以是许多种看不见的光，但每个激光器能且只能发出一种颜色的光。
【14.Many different schemes for performing these three function have evolved during recent years,and we shall describe the main ones.近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中一些主要的方案进行讨论。
【22.Morse code radio transmission is an example of this technique.莫尔斯码无线传输就是这种调制技术应用的一个实例。
【3.On the other hand ,a DC negative-logic system ,as in Figure 3.6(b),is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1level and the more positive as the 0 level .另一方面，如图3.6 所示，把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平，较高的电压状态记为0电平，这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。
【34.One way of creating fusion here on earth is to heat and compress pellets containing hydrogen to the temperatures and pressures needed to fuse the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms together,creating tiny hydrogen bombs and thus generating incredible power.在地球上实现核聚变的途径是对含有氢气的气团加温加压，以达到使氢原子核聚变的温度和压力，制造小型氢弹，从而出现难以想象的巨大能量。
【1.The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit 's output stage via an offset -compensation network ,which causes the op-amp's output to center at zero volts.The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower,and provides a low-impedance output .差动放大级的输出通过一个失调补偿网络与输出级相连，目的是使运放的输出以0V为中心。输出级采用互补的射极跟随器的形式以使输出阻抗很低。
【5.The reduction in power dissipation is particularly important where a complex circuit is to be concentrated into a small space.The problem of extracting the heat generated in the circuit may then be a difficult one.减小功率损耗是非常重要的，其方法是将一个复杂的电子线路集成为一小块。这使得释放电路工作时产生的热量变成一个难题。
【9.The fundamental purpose of an electronic communication system is to transfer information from one place to another.电子通信系统的基本作用是把信息从此地传送到彼地。
【10.The original source information can be in analog(continuous)form,such as the human voice or music,or in digital(discrete)form,such as binary-coded numbers or alphanumeric codes.原始的信息源既可以是模拟（连续）的，例如语音或音乐；也可以是数字（离散）的，例如二进制编码数或字符码。
【12.The signal-processing block at the transmitter conditions the source for more efficient transmission.发射机中的信号处理单元对信源进行调理，以便更有效地传送。
【19.The synchronization word reoccurs once again after the last channel has been received.当最后一个话路的码字收到之后，同步码字又再次出现。
【21.The power efficiency,?p(sometimes called energy efficiency)of a digital modulation scheme is a measure of how favorably this tradeoff between fidelity and signal power is made,and is often expressed as the ratio of the signal energy
per bit to noise power spectral density(Eb/No)required at the receiver input for a certain probability of error(say 10 -5次方).数字调制方法的功率效率？p（有时也称为能量效率）用来衡量精确度和信号功率之间平衡的好坏程度，通常以接收机的输入满足给定误码率（比如10的-5次方）时，单位比特信号能量与噪声的功率谱密度之间的比值（Eb/No）来表示功率效率。
【23.The bandwidth of the digital signal needs to be minimized to achieve spectral conservation.This may be accomplished by using a pre-modulation raised cosine-roll off filter to minimize the bandwidth of the digital signal and yet not introduce ISI.数字信号的带宽应最小化以满足频谱要求。为此，可采用预调制升余弦滚降滤波器使数字信号的带宽最小化，这不会带来码间串扰。
【29.The first decision is on whether to choose a fixed point or a floating point device.首先要决定的是选择定点器件还是浮点器件。
【32.The range of uses for the laser is striking,going far beyond the original ideas of the scientists who developed the first models(though they don't like to admit this),as well as vastly beyond the visions of the early science-fiction writes,who more often than not were simply looking for a futuristic weapon(though they too are not about to admit their lack of vision).激光的用途极其广泛，令人瞩目，远远超出了设计第一代模型的科学家们的想象（尽管他们不愿承认），也极大地超出了早期科幻小说家的想象，这些小说家只是单纯地寻找一种未来武器（尽管他们也不愿意承认自己缺乏想象力）。
【33.The tasks that lasers perform range from the mundane to the esoteric,but
they usually have a common element:they are difficult or impossible with any other tool.激光器能完成从平凡到神秘的多种任务，但这些任务通常都有一个共同点：它们很难或不可能由其他工具来完成。
【28.While traditional processors follow the Von Neumann architecture model,which assumes a shared single memory to be used for both program instructions
and
data,DSPs
use
the
Harvard
or
modified
Harvard
architecture,which includes multiple program and data memories,along with multiple buses to access them.传统的处理器遵循冯·诺依曼模型，该模型采用一个单一的共享存储器，同时存储程序指令和数据；而数字信号处理器使用的是哈佛结构或改进的哈佛结构，该结构包含多个程序和数据存储器以及访问这些存储器的多套总线。
A large number of 大量的
A WGN 加性高斯白噪声
Absolute value 绝对值
adaptive equalization 自适应均衡
amateur radio 业余无线电
As a whole总体上
As long as 只要，如果
As such 本身，以这种资格
auxiliary storage 辅助存储器
bandpass signal 带通信号
bandwidth efficiency 带宽效率
Be a mass of the 充满
Be classified as 被分类……
be dependent on 依赖，取决于
Be regarded as 被认为是
binary-coded number 二进制编码数
block diagram 方框图
by comparison 比较起来
cellular telephone 移动电话
channel coding theorem 信道编码理论
Coherent detection 相干检测
Common emitter circuit 公射极电路
Converge on 集中于
Cosine-roll off filter 余弦滚将滤波器
cross section 截面，断面
Detach sth (from sth) 将某物拆下
Dialing pulse 拨号脉冲
Differential amplifier 差分放大器
Differential coding 差分编码
Digital modulation index 数字调制指数
electromagnetic induction 电磁感应
error-correction code 纠错编码
Excess noise 过量噪声
flicker noise 闪烁噪声
frequency assignment 频率配置
High-frequency 高频
IC=integrated circuit 集成电路
In close proximity 在附近
In manner 以……方式
In series with 与……串联
In the form of 以……的形式
In this respect 在这方面
Integrate-and-dump matched filter 积分清除匹配滤波器
Invest in 投资
ionospheric reflection 电离层反射
linear integrated circuit 线性集成电路
Load resistor 负载电阻
Local area networks 局域网
los propagation视线传播
Lumped element 集总元件
Mark frequency 传号频率
multipath time dispersion 多径衰落
Negative ion 负离子
negative-feedback amplifier 负反馈放大器
noise immunity 抗噪性
Non-fading channel无衰落信道
Null-to-null bandwidth零点-零点带宽
On the other hand 另一方面
Op-amps=operational amplifiers运算放大器
Open-system-interconnectio开放系统互连
Personal communication system个人通信系统
photo senstive 光敏的
Pilot carrier导频载波
Pink noise 典型噪声
Positive ion 正离子
power efficiency 功率效率
Pre-modulation 预调制
Pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制
pulse-width脉冲宽度
Quadrature amplitude modulation 正交幅度调制
Radio-relay transmission无线电中继传输
RF（Radio Frequency）射频，无线电频率
Short circuit短路
shot noise 散粒噪声
signal-to-noise 信噪比
signal-to-noise ratio信号噪声比
Space frequency空号频率
spread spectrum system扩频系统
stereo FM立体声调频
Stored-program control存储程序控制
Take the form of 采用……的形式
trade-off交易，折中
triode vacuum tube真空三极管
Ultra-high-frequency 超高频
Valence electrons 介电子
Very-high-frequency甚高频
Whirl (around) 旋转，回旋
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