引导时间状语从句的五类引导词
一．引导时间状语从句的从属连词(以下称引导词)很多，为方便记忆，现作以下分类：
1. 基本类
包括before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, once, as soon as 等。如： Did anyone call when I was out? 我不在家时谁来过电话吗? We have known each other since we were children. 我们从小认识。 You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。 Make sure that all the lights are off before you go to bed. 睡觉前一定要关灯。 Don’t promise him anything till we’ve had time to think about it. 在我们有时间考虑之前别答应他什么。 2. 名词类
即由名词词组充当引导词，包括the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 等(均表示“一……就……”。如
I loved you the instant (that) I saw you. 我一见到你就爱上你了。
Tell me the moment (that) you get the results. 你一拿到结果就给我打电话。 3. 副词类
即由副词充当引导词，如 immediately, directly, instantly等。如： I came immediately you called. 你一打电话我就来了。
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke. 我一进门就闻到烟味。 4. 短语类
主是几个涉及time短语，如every time，each time，(the) next time，any time，the last time，the first time 等。如：
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来，请关门。 My roof leaks every time it rains. 每次下雨，我的房顶就漏。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days. 上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。 5. 句型类
包括no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如：
I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. 我刚把门关上就有人敲门。 Hardly were the words uttered when he began to regret them. 话刚说出口他就开始后悔了。 二．时态呼应
在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。如：
I’ll telephone you as soon as I get there. 我一到达那里就打电话给你。
She said she would phone me as soon as she got there. 她说她一到达那里就给我电话。 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 等车停稳后才下车。
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I will tell you after they leave. 于他们走后我再告诉你。 I waited till/until she was back. 我一直等到她回来
Once time is gone, you will never get it back. 时间一旦失去就再也得不到了 1. 时态呼应
一般来讲，复合句都要遵循主、从句时态呼应规律，状语从句也不例外。即主句用现在时，从句也用现在时；主句用过去时，从句也用过去的某种时态。如：
Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。
You must see the doctor if you are ill. 如果你生病了，你必须去看医生。 主句是一般过去时，从句也要用一般过去时。如：
When he was seven years old, he could swim. 当他七岁时就会游泳。 She turned off the light before she left the office. 她离开办公室前就关了灯。 ■与时间状语从句有关的时态问题 关于这个问题有两点值得注意：
(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。 I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。 (2) 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：
He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了? 【注】在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时： It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。
2. 主从句的位置。
大多数情况下，从句可以位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。不过从句在前时，主从句之间必须用逗号隔开。如：
Please tell me when he comes back. = When he comes back, please tell me. 三．基本类
（一）. when, while, as的用法
when只能用于一般时态， while可以用于进行时态
while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词；表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时，只能用 when；当表示“一边…一边…”或“随着”时，只能用 as。另外，用于此义的 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词，不能是状态动词。 例题：_____ John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. A. As B. As soon as C. While D. Till
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第一次描述： 三者可表示“当……时候”，区别如下：
(1) 若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作，从句表示的是一个持续性动作，三者都可用： He fell asleep when [while, as] he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
【注】as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在……期间”时，其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development) 意味的动词，一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know, have 等)，所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as：
A：I’m going to the post office. 我要去邮局。
B：While you’re there, can you get me some stamps? 当你在邮局时，能帮我买几张邮票吗?
(2) 若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作，且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，通常要用 while：
Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。
I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候，我默不作声。
但是，若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边…一边”之意思，通常用 as： She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱。
(3) 若从句是一个短暂性动作，主句是一个持续性动作，可用 as / when 但不用 while： It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。
(4) 若主从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作，用 as / when： I thought of it just when [as] you opened your mouth. 就在你要说的时候，我也想到了。 (5) 若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于汉语的“随着”，一般用 as：
Things are getting better and better as time goes on. 随着时间的推移，情况越来越好。 As it grew darker, it became colder. 天色越晚，天气越冷。 (6) 表示“每当…的时候”(暗示一种规律性)，一般要用 when： It’s cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。
He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。
(7) 若主从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时，一般要用 when： I will go home when he comes back. 他回来时，我就回家去。
(8) when 可用作并列连词，表示“这时(突然)”；while 也可以用作并列连词，表示“而”、“却”(表示对比)；但 as 则没有类似用法：
We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要出发，这时天开始下雨了。 He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡，而她却喜欢茶。
(9) as 和 when 后均可直接跟一个名词，构成省略句，但 while 一般不这样用： As [When] a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。
(10) when 和 while后可接现在分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句，但as 一般不这样用： When [While] reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。
When [While] in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。
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第二次描述：as, while ,when 的用法
as， while和when均可用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，作“当……时候”解。它们所引导的时间状语从句有时意思一样，这三个词可以互换使用；有时却有差异，则不能互换。
一、 as的意思是“正当……时候（just as，at the same moment that）”“随着……(while，when)”,它既可表示一个具体的时间点，也可以表示一段时间。as可表示主句和从句的动作同时发生或同时持续，即“点点重合”“线线重合”；又可表示一个动作发生在另一个动作的持续过程中，即“点线重合”，但不能表示两个动作一前一后发生。如果主句和从句的谓语动词都表示持续性的动作，二者均可用进行时，也可以一个用进行时，一个用一般时或者都用一般时。例如：
1. As I got on the bus， he got off. 我上车，他下车。（点点重合） 2. He was writing as I was reading. 我看书时，他在写字。（线线重合） 3. The students were talking as the teacher came in. 老师进来时，学生们正在讲话。（点线重合）
二、while的意思是“在……同时（at the same time that )”“在……期间(for as long as, during the time that）”。从while的本身词义来看，它只能表示一段时间，不能表示具体的时间点。在时间上可以是“线线重合”或“点线重合”，但不能表示“点点重合”。例如：
1. He was watching TV while she was cooking. 她做饭时，他在看电视。（线线重合） 2. He was waiting for me while I was working.
我工作的时候，他正等着我。（线线重合） 3. He asked me a question while I was speaking. 我在讲话时，他问了我一个问题。（点线重合）
三、 when的意思是“当……时候（at the time that）“无论什么时候”（whenever）”“ 一……就……（as soon as ）” “在……以后（after）”。它表示的时间概念比较广泛，上述例句中的as或while均可用when代替，因为when不但可以表示具体的时间点，而且也可以表示一段时间。在时间上它既能表示“点点重合”“线线重合”，又能表示“点线重合”。例如：
1.When he came in， she went out. 他进来，她出去。（点点重合）
此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点，when可以用as代替，但不能用while代替。
2. When he came back， I was doing some washing. 他回来时，我在洗衣服。（点线重合）
此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点，所以只能用as代替，不能用while代替。 3. When Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside. 玛丽写信时，孩子们都在外面玩。（线线重合）
此句中的when从句的动作表示的是一段时间，故可用as 或 while代替 习题：1. Henry is in charge of the office ________ Mr. Smith is away.
2. I saw her just _________ she was getting off the train. 3. Have a good look at that man _________ you pass him.
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第三次描述
when,as,while这三个词都可以引出时间状语从句，它们的差别是：when 从句表示某时刻或一段时间 as 从句表示进展过程，while 只表示一段时间
When he left the house, I was sitting in the garden.当他离开家时，我正在院子里坐着。 When he arrived home, it was just nine o'clock.当他到家时，正是九点钟。
As he grew older, he became more intelligent.随着他年龄的增长，他变得更有才智了。 While he was in London,he studied music.当他在伦敦时，他学习音乐。
While she was typing the letter,the telephone rang.当她在用打字机打那封信时，电话响了。 ①when意为\"在……时刻或时期\"，它可兼指\"时间点\"与\"时间段\"，所引导的从句的动词既可以是终止性动词，也可是持续性动词。如：
When I got home, he was having supper.我到家时，他正在吃饭。 When I was young, I liked dancing.我年轻时喜欢跳舞。
②while只指\"时间段\"，不指\"时间点\"，从句的动词只限于持续性动词。如： While I slept, a thief broke in.在我睡觉时,盗贼闯了进来。 辨析
①when从句与主句动作先后发生时，不能与while互换。如： When he has finished his work, he takes a short rest. 每当他做完工作后，总要稍稍休息一下。(when = after) When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun. 当我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。(when=before) ②when从句动词为终止性动词时，不能由while替换。如：
When he came yesterday, we were playing basketball.昨天他来时，我们正在打篮球。 ③当从句的谓语是表动作的延续性动词时，when, while才有可能互相替代。如： While / When we were still laughing, the teacher came in. 正当我们仍在大声嬉笑时，老师进来了。
④当从句的谓语动词是终止性动词，而且主句的谓语动词也是终止性动词时,when可和as通用，而且用as比用when在时间上更为紧凑，有\"正当这时\"的含义。如：
He came just as (or when) I reached the door.我刚到门那儿，他就来了。 ⑤从句的谓语动词如表示状态时，通常用while。如： We must strike while the iron is hot.我们应该趁热打铁。 ⑥while和when都可以用作并列连词。
Mike is tall while his brother is short.迈克的个子很高，然而他弟弟很矮。 Mary was on her way home when two big boys stopped her. 玛丽正走在回家的路上，这时两个大个子男孩拦住她。
例题：“I’m going to the post office.” “_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?”
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
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第四次描述 ： while与when以及as之间的区别。
1. 当从句中的谓语动词是持续性的动作时,我们可以用while, when或as。
While / When / As I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the bank. 我顺着马路往前走时,发现银行门前停着一辆警车。 2. 当从句中的谓语动词表示瞬间动作时,不可用while。
He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. 他正要走,这时有人敲门。
3. 如果谈论两个长动作,最常用的是while。
While John was sitting biting his nails, I was working out a plan to get us home.
约翰坐在那里咬指甲时,我想出了一个回家的办法。
不过, as是可以用来说明两种正在发展或变化的情况的,这时as引导一个持续性的动作,主句中的动作与之同时进行。
As we talked on, he got more and more excited. 我们继续往下谈的时候,他越来越兴奋。 4. 如果表示两个短动作或事件同时发生,最常用的是as或just as,也可用when。 Just as he caught the ball, there was a tearing sound.
当他抓住球的时候,有一种撕裂的声音。
I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要说话的时候,我也想到了。
as引导时间状语从句的谓语特点
■as 引导时间状语从句表示“当……的时候”“在……期间”时，该从句的谓语通常是那些表示动作意义的动词，而不能是be(是、在), have(有)，like(喜欢)，belong(属于)等表示状态或静态意义的动词。
我打算去邮局。——当你在邮局的时候，请帮我买几张邮票好吗?
误：I’m going to the post office.—As you are there, can you get me some stamps? 正：I’m going to the post office.—While you are there, can you get me some stamps? ■正因为 as 引导时间状语从句表示“当……的时候”“在……期间”时，从句的谓语不能是表示状态或静态意义的动词，所以当下面第一句变为第二句这样的状语从句时，不能再用 as，而应用 when：
As a student he had known great poverty.
＝When he was a student he had known great poverty. 他当学生时，经历过很贫困的生活。 ■但是，当 as 引导原因状语从句时，其谓语动词可以是状态或静态动词。如： As there was very little support, the strike was not successful. 由于支持的很少，罢工未获成功。
As I was anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present. 因为我急于讨好他，我给他买了一件精美礼品。
As there isn’t anything more to do, I may as well go home early 既然这里没有别的事要做，我还不如早点回家。
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while的用法可从下述几点理解与运用。
一、while意为“当……时候”,指一段时间,不能用来表示一个时间点。
While the discussion was still going on, George came in. 当讨论还在进行时,乔治走了进来。 二、while意为“而;然而”,表示转折。
There're plenty of rain in the southeast, while there's little in the northeast. 东南部雨量充足,而西北部则很少下雨。
三、while意为“虽然;尽管”,表示让步。
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. 尽管我承认他的优点,但我还是能看到他的缺点。
四、while意为“只要”,表示条件。
We can surely overcome these difficulties while we are closely united. 只要我们紧密地团结一致,一定能克服这些困难。 五、while从句中的省略。
当while从句中的主语与主句的主语一致,且含有be的某种形式时,从句中的主语连同be可同时省略。
While listening to the radio, she fell asleep. 她在听收音机时睡着了。
While in London, he studied music and painting. 在伦敦时,他学习音乐和绘画。 六、while可用作名词,意为“一会儿;一段时间”。
作名词用时,主要用于短语中: after a while “过了一会儿”; all the while “一直,始终”; a short / little while ago “刚才”; once in a while “偶尔,间或”; wait / rest(for) a while “等 / 休息一会儿”。
I haven't seen her for a long while.我好久没有看见她了。 Where have you been all this while?这一阵子你到哪去了?
He usually goes to work by bike, but once in a while he goes by bus. 他通常骑自行车上班,但偶尔也乘公共汽车。
I looked everywhere for the letter, but it was in my pocket all the while. 我到处找那封信,却不知它一直在我口袋里。 when 和while的用法区别
①when是at or during the time that, 既指时间点，也可指一段时间；
while是during the time that，只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
②when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。
③由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，如：
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a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.
当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为：While we were talking, the teacher came in. b. They were singing while we were dancing.
④when和while 还可作并列连词。when表示“在那时”；while表示“而，却”，表对照关系。如：
a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike. 孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。
b. He is strong while his brother is weak. 他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。
when只能用于一般时态， while可以用于进行时态
when 在绝大多数情况下，所引导的从句中，应该使用非延续性动词（也叫 瞬间动词） 例如：I'll call you when I get there. 我一到那里就给你打电话
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我刚要出门，电话铃就响了。 但是，when 却可以 be 连用。
例如：I lived in this village when I was a boy. 当我还是个孩子的时候我住在这个村庄里。 When I was young, I was sick all the time. 在我小时候我总是生病 while 当...的时候
While he was eating, I asked him to lend me $2. 当他正在吃饭时,我请他借给我二美元。 While I read, she sang. 我看书时，她在唱歌。 while 的这种用法一般都和延续性动词连用
while 可以表示“对比”这样用有的语法书认为是 并列连词
Some people like coffee, while others like tea. 有些人喜欢咖啡, 而有些人喜欢茶。 as和just as的区别是：as有多种词性，just as只有一种词性，就是副词。 但是意思上是很接近的。 as 当...之时 ，一边......一边.......
He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起来时，把杯子摔了。 She sang As she worked. 她一边工作一边唱歌。 just as 正像，就像，就......的样子
例如：It is just as you said. Leave exerything just as you find it. 一般来说 as 后面即可以跟延续性动词，也可以跟非延续性动词。 1）as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。
Justas/Justwhen/When I stopped mycar, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示\"随时间推移\"连词能用as，不用when或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse.
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until /和till既可用作介词也可用作连词，引导状语。通常有以下几种用法：
一、 用于肯定句作“直到……为止”解时，主句的动词一般是延续到until / till所表示的时间为止。例如：
1. He waits until / till the children are asleep. 他等着直到孩子们睡熟。 2. I shall stay here until / till twelve o'clock. 我将留在这里一直到十二点钟。
二、 用于否定句作“在……以前”、“直到才”解时，主句的动词一般是非延续性的，它所表示的动作直到until / till 所表示的时间才发生。例如：
1. He didn't come until / till late in the morning. 他直到早上很迟才来。 2. He didn't arrive until / till the game had begun. 直到比赛开始他才到。 注意：主句为一般将来时，until / till引导的从句用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： He couldn't ride until / till he was fifteen years old. 他直到十五岁才会骑自行车。
三、 用于“not...until...”的句式可以转换成when 或after引导的时间状语从句，但主句必须要用肯定形式。例如：
1. They didn't get off until the train came to a complete stop.
=They got off after the train came to a complete stop. 火车停了他们才下车。 2. The student won't come into the classroom until the teachers finish their work. =The students will come into the classroom when the teachers finish their work. 当老师们完成工作时，学生们将走进教室。
四、 用于延续性动词的肯定或否定句中，但含义不同。例如： 1. The meeting continued until / till 7:00. 会议一直开到七点。
2. We didn't have the meeting until /till 7:00. 直到七点我们才结束会议。
五、 用于“It is / was not until...that”或含有“not...until...”的强调结构中，其中的until不能改为till。不可替换。例如：
1. It was not until the film had begun that he arrived. 直到电影开始他才到。 2. It is not until 8:00 that we begin our class every day. 我们每天八点开始上课。 六、 Not until放在句首时，句子要倒装，其中的until不能改为till 。例如： 1. Not until the last moment did he change his mind. 直到最后一刻他才改变主意。 2. Not until midnight did it stop raining. 直到午夜雨才停。 七、 句首通常只用until,不用till。例如：
1. Until then, I knew nothing at all about it. 在那之前，我对此事一无所知。 2. Until you told me I had no idea of it. 在你告诉我之前，我对此一无所知。 八、 某些固定词组或谚语中通常只用till。例如：
1. from morning till night 从早到晚。 2. up till now直到现在
英美国家的英语语法教师是这样来描述这两个字的分别的：
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“Till” is used to mean the time up to a particular instance and the action can continue even after that. “Until” is used to mean the time up to a particular instance and the speaker has in mind that the action after this time does not almost happen.
翻译：Till是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候，而在那个时刻之后，该事情或状况仍将持续。 Until是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候，而讲话的人在自己心里认为，在那个时刻之后，该事情或该状况将中止（不怎么可能持续）。 Till 和Untill 的用法区别
在很多情况下，这两个词是这可以互换使用的，也就是说，这两个词的意思非常相近。一般而言，till 用于肯定句，untill 用于否定句。但是，这两个词在意义上也是有细微差别的。 ◆对till/until从句的理解
1. 主句为肯定式，主句谓语动词必须为持续性动词，且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直延续到 until / till 从句所表示的时间为止，可译作“（直）到……”。如：
He waited until/till I returned. 他一直等到我回来。
2. 主句为否定式（包括含 no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little 等否定词的肯定句），若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词，则该动词所表示的动作在 until / till 从句表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到……”，后译主句，not 译成“才”，即“直到……才……”。如：
His mother didn’t leave until/till he was asleep. 直到他睡着了，他母亲才离开。 Nobody can leave until/till the meeting is over. 直到散会才能离开。
3. 主句为否定式，若主句谓语动词是持续性动词，则须根据上下文去理解until/till从句的含义，一般译为“直到……才……”或“没有到……”。如：
He didn’t wait until/till I returned. 他没有等到我回来。 She didn’t sleep until/till I returned. 她直到我回来才睡着。 …,until…直到…时候; not…until…直到…才…
You are to stay here until / till your mother comes back. The meeting was put off until ten o’clock.
Not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV did we know much about global warning.
= We did not know much about global warning until we watched the Earth Day program. = It was not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV that we knew much about global warming.
Not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.
not ...until 引导时间状语从句，从句不能用将来时，主句是一般将来时，从句用现在时。 Don't get off the bus until it stops.(主句是祈使句从句用现在时）
He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.（主句是过去时，从句时态一致） He won't call you until he finishes his work.(主句用一般将来时，从句用现在时
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◆对before从句的理解
before的本意为“在……之前”，根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有……就……，趁着还没……就……，不知不觉就……，……才……”等。如：
I had not sat long before he came back. 我没坐多久他就回来了。
He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
Before I could get in a word, he measured me. 我还来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。 I’ll water the flowers before it gets dark. 我要趁着天还没黑把花浇好水。 Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生，后做先生。 Time passed quickly and three months went by before she knew it. 时间过得飞快，她不知不觉就在那里度过了三个月。
I will die before I will betray my country. 我宁可死也不会背叛我的国家。
◆after表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后，主句和从句的时间关系正好与before相反。如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived. 我父亲恰好在信到达之前去加拿大了。
After you think it over, please let me know what is your decision. 你仔细考虑过之后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home. 完成工作之后，我们回家了。 ◆before 与untill的区别
It is not A ...before B在B之前A是完成不了的 It is not A untill B 直到B， A 才完成 一个是到了B没完成一个是到了B完成了
Not…until…句型尽管在某些情况下可与before互换使用，但在强调句中一般仍用until; 1). It was not until he told me that I knew it.直到他告诉我我才知道这件事。
2）.It was not until he finished his homework that he went home.直到完成作业他才回家。 .而且与UNTIL主句的动词一定不是短暂性的动词,是可以有延续性的动词,比如come,go,open等是不会和UNTIL用在一起的.
It is three years since I joined the Party. 我入党有三年了。 It is three years since he lived here. 他不住这里有三年了。
It will be years before we meet again. 要过几年之后我们才能重相聚。 It was not long before he came back. 没过多久他就回来了。 It was evening before they got here. 他们到达这里之前就已天夜了。 It was five o’clock when he got home. 他回到家时已是五点了。 (比较强调结构：It was at five o’clock that he got home. )
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◆since的用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
since的用法主要有两点：一是表示“自从……以来”，二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解词的含义，而不了解其用法，在使用时就会造成错误。例如：I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 不少人会望文生义，将该句译为：“自从我住在上海以来，就再也没有收到他的信了。”而实际上这个句子的译文并非如此，那么正确的含义是什么呢？
下面谈谈since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法。
一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如：
He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。 这是最常见的一种用法，此处不再多述。
二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如：
I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。
John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。
本文开始出现的那个句子就可以译为“自从我离开上海，就再也没有收到他的信。”这种译法常被人们误用，我们不妨再多举几个例子看看：
How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你离开（没住在）上海多久了？ It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团（不当团员）半个月了。 It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 比较：He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.
自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词）
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三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时，则表示动作和状态延续到现在（说话时刻），其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如：
I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。
这里has lived表示动作的持续性，时间的起点应从：“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他（开始）住在那儿起，我就一直没收到他的来信”。
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。
试比较：1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自从我到这所学校，我们已换了三个校长了。
Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校，他们已换了三个校长了。
2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。
由此可见，since引导的从句持续动词的一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的意思恰好相反。换言之，前者以肯定的语法形式反映着否定的逻辑内容，而后者的形式与内容是一致的。
至于It is +一段时间+since…的句型与It has been +一段时间+since…意思相同。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。
应注意的是，在这种结构中，since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了：
It is a long time since he didn’t study English. It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me. 正确的说法为：
It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了。
You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有两个月没来看我了。 ◆对since从句的理解
1. since从句的谓语动词是终止性动词照字面意思理解。如：
I’ve been feeling down since I lost my job. 自从失去工作后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。 2. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为现在完成时时，仍然按字面意思理解。如： She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city. 自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看我。
3. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为一般过去时时，按与字面意思相反的意思理解。如： I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。
4. since前有ever，或从句谓语动词是be且后接表示人成长过程中的某个阶段或年龄的名词、形容词时，仍然按字面意思理解。如：
I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。 ◆ 1. since 后接时间点。 主句用完成时， 从句用过去时
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2. before 主句是过去完成时， 从句是过去时。 或者主句从句都是过去时。 句中不含有否定谓语动词
3. ago ； 时间段 + ago 用于过去时
4. for 后接时间段， 表长达多长时间。 用于完成时。 提问用how long ◆since与after
都可以用来引导表示从过去某一点开始的时间段词组。它们的不同之处在于：
a）since引导的词组所表示的时间一直延续到说话时为止，因而要与现在完成时连用。例如：He has been there twice since 1982.I have done nothing since six o”clock.
b）after引导的词组所表示的时间是纯系过去，并不延续到说话时，因此要和一般过去时连用。例如：He went home after school.
Since 引导的从句不论是延续性或非延续性动词, 都表示的是动作或状态的完成或结束. 翻译: Since he lived in Nanjing, I have not heard from him. (= since he left Nanjing…)
自从他离开南京以来,我没有收到过他的信.
Since she was in Yangzhou, she has kept in touch with her former friends. ( since she left Yangzhou…) 她离开扬州以来,一直同过去的朋友保持着联系.
◆对比：1). I have never seen him since he was ill.他病好后,我就再也没有见到他.
2). I have never seen him since he fell ill.他生病以后我就再也没有见过他. It is / ( has been ) + 时间段 + since + 过去式 It is / has been two years since his father died. = his father has been dead for two years.
= his father died two years ago. 他的父亲去世两年了. It has been 8 years since I graduated from university. = I graduated from university 8 years ago. It is 3 years since he smoked. 他三年不吸烟了.
(即,从句动词延续性的,译成否定意义;从句动词非延续性的,译成肯定意义.) It is 3 years since he left school.-----他毕业三年了.
例题：1. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year,they better health. A.could have enjoyed B.have enjoyed C.have been enjoyed D.are enjoying
2. 问题补充： _______? Since March 答：How long have you been writing the novel? Since January.
1. “It be +时间段+since…”表示“自从……以来有多久了”，但若从句谓语是延续性动词时，则意为“(多久) 不做……了”。
2. “It be+时间段+before…”表示“过……之后才……”，若be是否定式，则表示“没过……就……”。 3. “It be +时间点+before…”表示“在……之前，时间是……”。 4. “It be +时间点+when…”表示“当……时，时间是……”。
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◆as soon as的用法：
（1）、as soon as one can = as soon as possible 表示“尽可能快”之意，如： ① You must ring me up as soon as you can. 你必须尽快给我打电话。
② Please write to me as soon as possible. 请尽早给我写信。
（2）、as soon as 引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。如果主句用将来时或情态动词或祈使句，从句必须用一般现在时代替将来时。如：
I’ll tell him the news as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉他那消息。
She may come as soon as she finishes the work. 事情一做完她就可以来。
◆as soon as ：(adv.)\"一...就...\"，强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的,后接从句。
1.当主句是一般将来时时，as soon as引导的状语从句应用一般现在时； 2.当主句是过去将来时时，as soon as引导的状语从句应用一般过去时。
有时跟某些单词如与possible相连—\"as soon as possible\"，其实是as soon as IT IS possible的省略形式，译为\"尽快\"。
eg. As soon as he finishes his classwork, he runs out of the class.
他一做完课堂作业，就跑出了教室。 came as soon as possible.马上就来了 我们都知道as soon as的意思是：一…就…
◆它的意思相当于：directly，immediately，instantly…，= the second，the minute，the moment，
the instant…
下面我们通过几个例句来看看详细的用法
He came around to see me as soon as / the moment/ immediately he checked in the hotel. 他刚一入住宾馆就来看我.
They informed us the news immediately / directly they got it. 他们一得到消息就通知了我们.
The policeman came to the spot the moment / the instant / the minute she heard of the accident. 一听说事故,这位警察就到了现场.
hardly… when…的主句通常 用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，when有时还可换成before.如： ① He had hardly finished his homework when the light went out. 他刚写完作业灯就灭了。 ② Hardly had I come back when they began quarrelling.我一回来他们就开始吵了起来。（hardly 提前时，句子需要倒装。）
no sooner…than…句型中， no sooner一般只置于句首，所以主句有倒装形式。如：/了妈妈。 No sooner had I known the news than I telephoned my mother. 我刚知道这个消息就打电话告诉
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用作从属连词的六类名词结构
英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词，用以引导状语从句，且主要是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类：
一、the + 瞬间名词
其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等，其意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。如：
The minute he saw her he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。
I’ll telephone the minute there’s any change. 一有变更我立即用电话通知。 Telephone me the moment (that) you get the results. 你一有结果，马上给我打电话。 I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累，一合上眼就睡着了。 The moment he reached the country, he started his search. 他一到达这个国家，就开始他的探寻工作。
注：其中的瞬间名词后可接that，也可省略。另外，有的个别副词（如directly / immediately等）也可表示类似意思。如：
Immediately the meal was over, he switched on the radio. 饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。 例题：You can have the magazine ( ) I finish reading it.
A.in the moment B.the moment C.the moment as D.in the moment when 二、the + 季节名词
其中的季节名词包括spring, summer, autumn, winter，其意为“在……的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。如：
His wife left him the spring he went abroad. 在他出国的那年春天，他的妻子离开了他。 He sold his house and went to the south the summer he lost his job. 在他失业的那年夏天，他卖掉房子去了南方。
He was sent to prison the winter his third daughter was born. 在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天，他被关进了监狱。
She got married the autumn she graduated from college. 她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。 三、the+时间名词
其中的时间名词主要包括hour, day, night, week, month, season, year等，其意为“在……的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。如：
The hour he was in her office, he felt very sad. 当他在她办公室的时候，他感到很伤心。 The night I went to see her, she had left for Beijing to attend an important meeting. 就我去看她的那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。 Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill. 史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。
The year he lived in the country, he learned a lot. 他在乡下呆的那一年，他学到了不少东西。 四、the +序数词+time
16 / 2016 / 2016 / 20
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其中的序数词包括first, second, third, fourth等，其意为“当第几次……的时候”。如： My girlfriend beat me at poker the first time we played. 我头一次和女朋友打扑克，她就把我赢了。
The second time I saw her, she looked like an old woman. 我第二次见到她时，她看上去像一个老太婆。
The third time I went there, I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty. 我第三次去那儿时，我发现他们都离开了，所有的办公室都是空的。 I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她就觉得她诚实而友善
注：1. next, last也具有类似序数词的性质，因此也具有以上用法。如： Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来，请关门。 The last time we talked he said he needed another two days. 上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
2. the first time, the second time, the third time 等用作连词引导时间状语从句时，其前通常要有定冠词，而 (the) next time, (the) last time引导状语从句时，其中的冠词可以省略，如下面这道上海高考题，其答案是C，不是A：
I thought her nice and honest______ I met her.
A. first time B. for the first time C. the first time D. by the first time 五、不定代词+ time
其中的不定代词主要包括each, every, any等。如：
Every time I ring her, the phone is engaged. 我每次给她打电话，电话都占线。
Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money. 每次我见到他，他不是向我诉苦，就是要向我借钱。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。 Every time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before. 每当我看到那顶草帽，它就使我想起几年前的那次旅游。
Any time you come to London do look me up. 你无论什么时候到伦敦来，一定要来看我。 注意：every time, each time, any time用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词，它与the first time, the second time, the third time 等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。
六、其他名词结构
以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句，有些其他结构还可引导其他性质的状语从句，如the way 可用于引导方式状语从句，表示“像……一样”。如：
The didn’t do it the way we do now. 那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。 Joyce looked at me the way a lot of girls did. 乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。 注：这样用的 the way 与 as 用法相似。如：
Hold it in both hands, the way (=as) Mummy does. 用两只手捧住，像妈妈那样。
17 / 2017 / 2017 / 20
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● 瞬间名词moment、instant、minute、second与定冠词the 连用可引导时间状语从句。相当 于“hardly / scarcely …… when ……”、“no sooner …… than ……” 的用法，表 示“一……就……”。
1）The machine will start the moment you press this button. 你一按按钮机器马上启动。
2）Don't back up the moment you run up against a little difficulty. 不要遇到一点困难就打退堂鼓。
3）She burst into tears the moment she got the sad news. 一听到这伤心的消息，她就哭了起来。
4）The instant I saw him, I knew that he was angry with me. 我一见到他，就知道他在生我的气。
5）The instant she caught his eye, she looked away again. 刚碰到他的目光，她便把眼睛转开。
6）The instant Halely touched the saddle, the mettlesome horse bounded from the earth with a sudden spring. 海利一跨上马鞍，那匹烈性子马就突然从地面腾空而起。 7）The minute I saw you coming, I came to out to meet you. 一见到你来了，我就出来迎接你。 8）I repented of it the minute it was done. 那件事刚做完我就后悔了。
9）The minute the news is proclaimed, the people gathering at the square cheered up at once. 消息一宣布，聚集在广场的人们顿时欢呼起来。
10）The second the bell rang, the students dashed out of the classroom. 铃声一响，学生都跑出了教室。
11）She put down the receiver the second she recognized my voice. 她一听出是我的声音，马上就放下电话听筒。
12）I rushed over here to tell you the second that I heard the news. 我一得到消息就赶着跑来告诉你。
● 时间名词morning、 afternoon、evening、night、day、week、month、season、year 与 定冠词 the 连用引导时间状语从句。
1）Several traffic accidents took place on the highway the morning it snowed heavily. 下大雪的那个早上，高速公路发生了好几起交通事故。
2）The night I went to see her, she had left for Beijing to attend an important meeting. 我去看她的那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。 3）The day he returned home, his father was already dead. 他回家的那一天，他的父亲已经死了。
18 / 2018 / 2018 / 20
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4）The week I was in hospital, she attended me at the bedside day and night. 我住院的一周里，她一直在我在床头照看我。
5）Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill. 他妻子生病的一周里，史密斯先生没有去上班。
6）The month I went to Europe, Mr. Simpson helped me to manange my business. 我去欧洲的那个月都是辛普森先生帮我来管理我的生意。
returned. 第二次世界大战爆发的那一年，他离开了家，等回来的时候十年已经过去了。 8）The year he was killed in an accident, he was at the peak of his career. 遇车祸身亡的那年，他正处于职业生涯的顶峰。
● 四季名词 spring、summer、autumn 、winter 与定冠词 the 连用引导时间状语从句。 1）His wife left him the spring he went abroad. 在他出国的那年春天，他的妻子离开了他。
2）Alice had a son the spring her husband went abroad. 丈夫出国的那年春天，爱丽丝生下了一个儿子。
3）He sold his house and went to the south the summer he lost his job. 在他失业的那年夏天，他卖掉房子去了南方。
4）She got married the autumn she graduated from college. 大学毕业的那年秋天她就结婚了。
5）The old Thomson died the winter his wife died. 老汤姆森在他妻子那年冬季也死了。
6）He was sent to prison the winter his third child was born. 在他第三个孩子出生的那年冬天，他被关进了监狱。 ● 时间名词 time 引导时间状语从句的三种情况。
A）the + 序数词+ time time 前面用first、second、third 等序数词修饰，必须用 定冠词the。
1）You were only this high, the first time I saw you. 我第一次见到你的时候你才这么高。
2）A strange feeling came on Shelton the first time he saw them sitting there at lunch. 谢尔顿第一次看见他们坐在那儿吃中饭，一时间产生了一种莫名的感觉。 3）The second time I talked to him, he admitted that he had made a big mistake. 在我第二次我跟他交谈时，他承认自己犯了大错。
4）The third time I went there, I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty. 我第三次去那儿时，发现他们都离开了，所有的办公室都是空的。
19 / 2019 / 2019 / 20
7）He left home the year World War II broke out and ten years elasped when he
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B）（the）+ next / last + time time 前面用 next 和 last 修饰，定冠词 the 可以省略。 1）I’ll give him a black eye, the next time he offends you. 下次他再冒犯你，我一定会给他颜色瞧。
2）Next time you come, be sure to take your little daughter with you. 下次你来时，一定要带是你的小女儿一起来。
3）The last time I came to see your family, your father seemed to be in good health.
上次我来看你家看你们的时候，你父亲身体看起来还蛮健康的。
4）Last time I spoke here, I expressed the hope that we would cooperate with your university.
上次在这里演讲时，我就表达了希望能与贵校合作的愿望。
C) each/every/any + time 不定代词前面用 each、every、any 修饰。不用定冠词 the。
1）Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick. 每次坐船，我都要晕船。
2）Every time he come over to see me, he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money.
每次我见到他，他不是向我诉苦，就是要向我借钱。
3）Each time he came to town, he would drop in my home and have a chat with me. 他每次进城，总会到我家坐坐，跟我聊上几句。
4）Each time he was accomplish something in his work, he gave a big party for the little circle of friends he had.
每次工作中干出些名堂，他总请自己的为数不多的朋友吃喝一顿。 5）You are welcome to come back any time you want to. 你什么时候想回来，我们都欢迎。
6）Please drop in any time you are passing this way. 无论何时你路过这儿，请顺便进来坐坐。
20 / 2020 / 2020 / 20
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