TRUE/FALSE
1. Products, services, departments, and customers may be cost objects.
2.
Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Objective: 1
Costs are accounted for in two basic stages: assignment followed by accumulation. Answer: False Difficulty: 1 Objective: 1
Costs are accounted for in two basic stages: accumulation followed by assignment. Actual costs and budgeted costs are two different terms referring to the same thing. Answer: False Difficulty: 1 Objective: 1 Budgeted costs are what is planned before the beginning of the accounting period, while actual costs are those costs compiled at the end of the accounting period. The same cost may be direct for one cost object and indirect for another cost object. Answer: True
Difficulty: 3
Objective: 2
3.
4.
5.
Assigning direct costs poses more problems than assigning indirect costs. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2 Tracing direct costs is quite straightforward, whereas assigning indirect costs to a number of different cost objects can be very challenging.
Improvements in information-gathering technologies are making it possible to trace more costs as direct. Answer: True
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 2
6.
7.
Misallocated indirect costs may lead to promoting products that are not profitable. Answer: True
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 2
8.
The materiality of the cost is a factor in classifying the cost as a direct or indirect cost. Answer: True
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 2
9.
The cost of a customized machine only used in the production of a single product would be classified as a direct cost.
Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Objective: 2
10. Some fixed costs may be classified as direct manufacturing costs. Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Objective: 2
Chapter 2 Page 1
11. Fixed costs have no cost driver in the short run, but may have a cost driver in the long
run. Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3
12. Costs that are difficult to change over the short run are always variable over the long
run. Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3
13. Knowing whether a cost is a period or a product cost helps to estimate total costs at a
new level of activity. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3 Knowing whether a cost is a variable or a fixed cost helps to estimate total costs at a
new level of activity.
14. A decision maker cannot adjust capacity over the short run. Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Objective: 3
15. Fixed costs vary with the level of production or sales volume. Answer: False Difficulty: 1 Objective: 3 Variable costs vary with the level of production or sales volume.
16. Currently, most administrative personnel costs would be classified as fixed costs. Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Objective: 3
17. Fixed costs depend on the resources used, not the resources acquired. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3 Fixed costs depend on the resources acquired, and not whether the resources are used
or not.
18. When making decisions using fixed costs, the focus should be on total costs and not
unit costs. Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Objective: 4
19. When 50,000 units are produced the fixed cost is $10 per unit. Therefore, when
100,000 units are produced fixed costs will remain at $10 per unit. Answer: False Difficulty: 3 Objective: 4 When 100,000 units are produced fixed costs will decrease to $5 per unit.
Chapter 2 Page 2
20. Service-sector companies provide services or intangible products to their customers. Answer: True Difficulty: 1 Objective: 5
MULTIPLE CHOICE
37. Cost objects include a. products. b. customers. c. departments. d. all of the above. Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 1
38. Actual costs are a. the costs incurred. b. budgeted costs. c. estimated costs. d. forecasted costs. Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Objective: 1
39. The general term used to identify both the tracing and the allocation of accumulated
costs to a cost object is a. cost accumulation. b. cost assignment. c. cost tracing. d. conversion costing. Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Objective: 1
40. The collection of accounting data in some organized way is a. cost accumulation. b. cost assignment. c. cost tracing. d. conversion costing. Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Objective: 1
41. Cost tracing is a. the assignment of direct costs to the chosen cost object. b. a function of cost allocation. c. the process of tracking both direct and indirect costs associated with a cost object. d. the process of determining the actual cost of the cost object. Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
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42. 43. 44. 45.
Cost allocation is
a. the process of tracking both direct and indirect costs associated with a cost object. b. the process of determining the actual cost of the cost object. c. the assignment of indirect costs to the chosen cost object. d. a function of cost tracing. Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 2
The determination of a cost as being either direct or indirect depends upon a. the accounting system. b. the allocation system. c. the cost tracing system. d. the cost object chosen. Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 2
Classifying a cost as either direct or indirect depends upon a. the behavior of the cost in response to volume changes.
b. whether the cost is expensed in the period in which it is incurred. c. whether the cost can be easily identified with the cost object. d. whether an expenditure is avoidable or not in the future. Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 2
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
46. A manufacturing plant produces two product lines: football equipment and hockey
equipment. An indirect cost for the hockey equipment line is the a. material used to make the hockey sticks. b. labor to bind the shaft to the blade of the hockey stick. c. shift supervisor for the hockey line. d. plant supervisor. Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
A manufacturing plant produces two product lines: football equipment and hockey equipment. Direct costs for the football equipment line are the a. beverages provided daily in the plant break room.
b. monthly lease payments for a specialized piece of equipment needed to
manufacture the football helmet.
c. salaries of the clerical staff that work in the company administrative offices. d. utilities paid for the manufacturing plant.
Chapter 2 Page 4
47. Which one of the following items is a direct cost? a. Customer-service costs of a multiproduct firm; Product A is the cost object. b. Printing costs incurred for payroll check processing; payroll check processing is
the cost object.
c. The salary of a maintenance supervisor in a multiproduct manufacturing plant;
Product B is the cost object.
d. Utility costs of the administrative offices; the accounting department is the cost
object.
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
48. Indirect manufacturing costs a. can be traced to the product that created the costs. b. can be easily identified with the cost object. c. generally include the cost of material and the cost of labor. d. may include both variable and fixed costs. Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
49. All of the following are true EXCEPT that indirect costs a. may be included in prime costs. b. are not easily traced to products or services. c. vary with the selection of the cost object. d. may be included in manufacturing overhead. Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
50. Which statement is TRUE? a. All variable costs are direct costs. b. Because of a cost-benefit tradeoff, some direct costs may be treated as indirect
costs.
c. All fixed costs are indirect costs. d. All direct costs are variable costs. Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Objective: 2
51. Cost behavior refers to
a. classifying costs as either inventoriable or period costs. b. how costs react to a change in the level of activity. c. whether a particular expense has been ethically incurred.
d. whether a cost is incurred in a manufacturing, merchandising, or service
company.
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3
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52. An understanding of the underlying behavior of costs helps in all of the following
EXCEPT a. costs can be better estimated as volume expands and contracts. b. true costs can be better evaluated. c. process inefficiencies can be better identified and as a result improved. d. sales volume can be better estimated.
Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3
53. At a plant where a union agreement sets annual salaries and conditions, annual labor
costs usually a. are considered a variable cost. b. are considered a fixed cost. c. depend on the scheduling of floor workers. d. depend on the scheduling of production runs.
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 54. Variable costs
a. are always indirect costs.
b. increase in total when the actual level of activity increases. c. include most personnel costs and depreciation on machinery.
d. can always be traced directly to the cost object.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 55. Fixed costs
a. may include either direct or indirect costs. b. vary with production or sales volumes.
c. include parts and materials used to manufacture a product.
d. can be adjusted in the short run to meet actual demands.
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 56. Fixed costs depend on
a. the amount of resources used. b. the amount of resources acquired. c. the volume of production.
d. the volume of sales.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Objective: 57. Which one of the following is a variable cost in an insurance company? a. Rent
b. President's salary c. Sales commissions d. Property taxes
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Objective: Chapter 2 Page 6
3
3
3
3
3
58. 59. 60. 61. 62.
Which of the following is a fixed cost in an automobile manufacturing plant? a. Administrative salaries
b. Electricity used by assembly-line machines c. Sales commissions
d. Windows for each car produced Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 3
If each furnace required a hose that costs $20 and 2,000 furnaces are produced for the month, the total cost for hoses is
a. considered to be a direct fixed cost. b. considered to be a direct variable cost. c. considered to be an indirect fixed cost. d. considered to be an indirect variable cost. Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Objective: 3
The MOST likely cost driver of distribution costs is a. the number of parts within the product. b. the number of miles driven.
c. the number of products manufactured. d. the number of production hours. Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 3
The MOST likely cost driver of direct material costs is a. the number of parts within the product. b. the number of miles driven.
c. the number of products manufactured. d. the number of production hours. Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 3
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. There is a cause-and-effect relationship between the cost driver and the level of
activity.
b. Fixed costs have cost drivers over the short run. c. Over the long run all costs have cost drivers.
d. Volume of production is a cost driver of direct manufacturing costs. Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 3
Chapter 2 Page 7
63. A band of normal activity or volume in which specific cost-volume relationships are
maintained is referred to as a. the average range. b. the cost-allocation range. c. the cost driver range. d. the relevant range. Answer: d Difficulty: 1 Objective: 3
64. Within the relevant range, if there is a change in the level of the cost driver then a. total fixed costs and total variable costs will change. b. total fixed costs and total variable costs will remain the same. c. total fixed costs will remain the same and total variable costs will change. d. total fixed costs will change and total variable costs will remain the same. Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3
65. Within the relevant range, if there is a change in the level of the cost driver then a. fixed and variable costs per unit will change. b. fixed and variable costs per unit will remain the same. c. fixed costs per unit will remain the same and variable costs per unit will change. d. fixed costs per unit will change and variable costs per unit will remain the same. Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3
66. When 10,000 units are produced, fixed costs are $14 per unit. Therefore, when 20,000
units are produced fixed costs a. will increase to $28 per unit. b. will remain at $14 per unit. c. will decrease to $7 per unit. d. will total $280,000. Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Objective: 4
67. When 10,000 units are produced, variable costs are $6 per unit. Therefore, when 20,000
units are produced a. variable costs will total $120,000. b. variable costs will total $60,000. c. variable unit costs will increase to $12 per unit. d. variable unit costs will decrease to $3 per unit. Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Objective: 4
Chapter 2 Page 8
68. 69. 70.
Christi Manufacturing provided the following information for last month.
Sales $10,000 Variable costs 3,000 Fixed costs 5,000 Operating income $2,000 If sales double next month, what is the projected operating income? a. $4,000 b. $7,000 c. $9,000 d. $12,000
Answer: c Difficulty: 3 (10,000 x 2) - ($3,000 x 2) - $5,000 = $9,000
Objective: 4
Kym Manufacturing provided the following information for last month.
Sales $12,000 Variable costs 4,000 Fixed costs 1,000 Operating income $7,000 If sales double next month, what is the projected operating income? a. $14,000 b. $15,000 c. $18,000 d. $19,000
Answer: b Difficulty: 3 (12,000 x 2) - ($4,000 x 2) - $1,000 = $15,000
Objective: 4
Wheel and Tire Manufacturing currently produces 1,000 tires per month. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
Direct materials
Direct manufacturing labor
Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs
$20 3 6 10 $39
The plant has capacity for 3,000 tires and is considering expanding production to 2,000 tires. What is the total cost of producing 2,000 tires? a. $39,000 b. $78,000 c. $68,000 d. $62,000
Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: 4 [($20 + $3 + $6) x 2,000 units] + ($10 x 1,000 units) = $68,000
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71. Tire and Spoke Manufacturing currently produces 1,000 bicycles per month. The
following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
Direct materials
Direct manufacturing labor
Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs $50 5 14 10 $79
Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Objective: 4 [($50 + $5 + $14) x 2,000 units] + ($10 x 1,000 units) = $148,000 / 2,000 units = $74
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 72 AND 73.
Axle and Wheel Manufacturing currently produces 1,000 axles per month. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
The plant has capacity for 3,000 bicycles and is considering expanding production to 2,000 bicycles. What is the per unit cost of producing 2,000 bicycles? a. $79 per unit b. $158 per unit c. $74 per unit d. $134 per unit
Direct materials
Direct manufacturing labor
Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs $30 5 10 40 $85 72 73.
The plant has capacity for 2,000 axles and is considering expanding production to 1,500 axles. What is the total cost of producing 1,500 axles? a. $85,000 b. $170,000 c. $107,500 d. $102,500
Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: 4 [($30 + $5 + $10) x 1,500 units] + ($40 x 1,000 units) = $107,500 What is the per unit cost when producing 1,500 axles? a. $71.67 b. $107.50 c. $85.00 d. $170.00
Answer: a
$107,500 / 1,500 = $71.67
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 4
Chapter 2 Page 10
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 74 THROUGH 76. Pederson Company reported the following:
Manufacturing costs Units manufactured Units sold
Beginning inventory $2,000,000 50,000
47,000 units sold for $75 per unit 0 units
74.
What is the average manufacturing cost per unit? a. $40.00 b. $42.55 c. $00.025 d. $75.00
Answer: a Difficulty: 1 $2,000,000 / 50,000 = $40.00
What is the amount of ending finished goods inventory? a. $1,880,000 b. $120,000 c. $225,000 d. $105,000
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 (50,000 - 47,000) x $40.00 = $120,000 What is the amount of gross margin? a. $1,750,000 b. $3,525,000 c. $5,405,000 d. $1,645,000
Objective: 4 Objective: 4
75.
76.
Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Objective: 7 47,000 x ($75 - $40) = $1,645,000
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 77 THROUGH 79. The following information pertains to Alleigh’s Mannequins: Manufacturing costs $1,500,000 Units manufactured 30,000 Units sold 29,500 units sold for $85 per unit Beginning inventory 0 units
77.
What is the average manufacturing cost per unit? a. $50.00 b. $50.85 c. $17.65 d. $85.00
Answer: a Difficulty: 1 $1,500,000 / 30,000 = $50.00
Chapter 2 Page 11
Objective: 4
78. 79. 80. 81. 82.
What is the amount of ending finished goods inventory? a. $42,500 b. $25,424 c. $25,000 d. $1,475,000
Answer: c Difficulty: 2 (30,000 - 29,500) x $50.00 = $25,000 What is the amount of gross margin? a. $1,475,000 b. $1,500,000 c. $2,507,500 d. $1,032,500
Answer: d Difficulty: 3 29,500 x ($85 - $50) = $1,032,500
Objective: 7 Objective: 4
Which of the following companies is part of the service sector of our economy? a. Wal-Mart
b. Bank of America c. General Motors d. Amazon.com Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 5
Which of the following companies is part of the merchandising sector of our economy? a. General Motors b. Intel c. The GAP
d. Robert Meyer Accounting Firm Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 5
Which of the following companies is part of the manufacturing sector of our economy? a. Nike
b. Barnes & Noble c. Corvette Law Firm
d. Sears, Roebuck, and Company Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 5
Chapter 2 Page 12
83. 84. 85. 86. 87.
Service-sector companies report a. only merchandise inventory. b. only finished goods inventory.
c. direct materials inventory, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods
inventory accounts. d. no inventory accounts. Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 6
Manufacturing-sector companies report a. only merchandise inventory. b. only finished goods inventory.
c. direct materials inventory, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods
inventory accounts. d. no inventory accounts. Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 6
For a manufacturing company, direct material costs may be included in a. direct materials inventory only. b. merchandise inventory only.
c. both work-in-process inventory and finished goods inventory.
d. direct materials inventory, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods
inventory accounts. Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Objective: 6
For a manufacturing company, direct labor costs may be included in a. direct materials inventory only. b. merchandise inventory only.
c. both work-in-process inventory and finished goods inventory.
d. direct materials inventory, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods
inventory accounts. Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Objective: 6
For a manufacturing company, indirect manufacturing costs may be included in a. direct materials inventory only. b. merchandise inventory only.
c. both work-in-process inventory and finished goods inventory.
d. direct materials inventory, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods
inventory accounts. Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Objective: 6
Chapter 2 Page 13
88.
For a manufacturing-sector company, the cost of factory insurance is classified as a a. direct material cost.
b. direct manufacturing labor cost. c. manufacturing overhead cost. d. period cost. Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 6
89.
For a printing company, the cost of paper is classified as a a. direct material cost.
b. direct manufacturing labor cost. c. manufacturing overhead cost. d. period cost. Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 6
90.
Wages paid to machine operators on an assembly line are classified as a a. direct material cost.
b. direct manufacturing labor cost. c. manufacturing overhead cost. d. period cost.
Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Objective: 6
91. Manufacturing overhead costs in an automobile manufacturing plant MOST likely
include a. labor costs of the painting department. b. indirect material costs such as lubricants. c. sales commissions. d. steering wheel costs.
92.
Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Objective: 6
Manufacturing overhead costs are also referred to as a. indirect manufacturing costs. b. prime costs. c. period costs. d. conversion costs. Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Objective: 6
Chapter 2 Page 14
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 93 THROUGH 97. Gilley Incorporated reported the following information:
On January 31, 20x3: Job #101 was the only job in process with accumulated costs of $3,000. During February the following costs were added to production: Job #101 $10,000 Job #102 $ 8,000
Job #103 $ 7,000
On February 28, 20x3: Job #101 was completed and sold for $18,000. Job #102 was completed but not sold.
Job #103 remains in production.
93. What is work-in-process inventory on February 28, 20x3? a. $7,000 b. $8,000 c. $25,000
d. $3,000
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Job #103 $7,000
94. What is finished goods inventory on February 28, 20x3? a. $7,000 b. $8,000 c. $21,000
d. $10,000
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Job #102 $8,000
95. What is cost of goods manufactured for February? a. $10,000 b. $8,000 c. $13,000
d. $21,000
Answer: d Difficulty: 3 (Job #101 $13,000) + (Job #102 $8,000) 96. What is cost of goods sold for February? a. $18,000 b. $10,000 c. $13,000
d. $21,000
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Job #101 $13,000
Chapter 2 Page 15
Objective: Objective: Objective: Objective: 6
6
7
7 97.
What is gross margin for February? a. $5,000 b. $18,000 c. $8,000 d. $13,000
Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Objective: 7 $18,000 - $13,000 = $5,000
98. The income statement of a manufacturing firm reports a. period costs only. b. inventoriable costs only. c. both period and inventoriable costs. d. period and inventoriable costs but at different times, the reporting varies. Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
99. The income statement of a service-sector firm reports a. period costs only. b. inventoriable costs only. c. both period and inventoriable costs. d. period and inventoriable costs but at different times, the reporting varies. Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
100. Manufacturing costs include all EXCEPT a. costs incurred inside the factory. b. both direct and indirect costs. c. both variable and fixed costs. d. both inventoriable and period costs. Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
101. Inventoriable costs a. include administrative and marketing costs. b. are expensed in the accounting period sold. c. are particularly useful in management accounting. d. are also referred to as nonmanufacturing costs.
Answer: b Difficulty: 2
102. Inventoriable costs are expensed on the income statement a. when direct materials for the product are purchased. b. after the products are manufactured. c. when the products are sold. d. not at any particular time, it varies. Answer: c Difficulty: 2
Objective: 7
Objective: 7
Chapter 2 Page 16
103. Costs that are initially recorded as assets and expensed when sold are referred to as a. period costs. b. inventoriable costs. c. variable costs. d. fixed costs. Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
104. For merchandising companies, inventoriable costs include a. the cost of the goods themselves. b. incoming freight costs. c. insurance costs for the goods. d. all of the above. Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
105. For manufacturing firms, inventoriable costs include a. plant supervisor salaries. b. research and development costs. c. costs of dealing with customers after the sale. d. distribution costs.
Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
106. A plant manufactures several different products. The wages of the plant supervisor can
be classified as a(n) a. direct cost. b. inventoriable cost. c. variable cost. d. period cost.
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
107. The cost of inventory reported on the balance sheet may include all of the following
EXCEPT a. customer-service costs. b. wages of the plant supervisor. c. depreciation of the factory equipment. d. the cost of parts used in the manufacturing process. Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
108. For a computer manufacturer, period costs include the cost of a. the keyboard. b. labor used for assembly and packaging. c. distribution. d. assembly-line equipment. Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Objective: 7
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109. Period costs a. include only fixed costs. b. seldom influence financial success or failure. c. include the cost of selling, delivering, and after-sales support for customers. d. should be treated as an indirect cost rather than as a direct manufacturing cost.
Answer: c Difficulty: 2
110. Period costs a. are treated as expenses in the period they are incurred. b. are directly traceable to products. c. include direct labor. d. are also referred to as manufacturing overhead costs.
Objective: 7
Answer: a Difficulty: 2
111. Which of the following is NOT a period cost? a. Marketing costs b. General and administrative costs c. Research and development costs d. Manufacturing costs
Objective: 7
Answer: d Difficulty: 1 Objective: 7
112. Costs expensed on the income statement in the accounting period incurred are referred
to as a. direct costs. b. indirect costs. c. period costs. d. inventoriable costs.
Answer: c Difficulty: 1 Objective: 7
113. Prime costs include a. direct materials and direct manufacturing labor costs. b. direct manufacturing labor and manufacturing overhead costs. c. direct materials and manufacturing overhead costs. d. only direct materials. Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Objective: 7
114. Conversion costs include a. direct materials and direct manufacturing labor costs. b. direct manufacturing labor and manufacturing overhead costs. c. direct materials and manufacturing overhead costs. d. only direct materials. Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Objective: 7
Chapter 2 Page 18
115. Total manufacturing costs equal a. direct materials + prime costs. b. direct materials + conversion costs. c. direct manufacturing labor costs + prime costs. d. direct manufacturing labor costs + conversion costs. Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
116. The cost classification system used by manufacturing firms include all of the following
EXCEPT a. direct materials costs and conversion costs. b. direct materials costs, direct manufacturing labor costs, and manufacturing
overhead costs.
c. indirect materials costs, indirect manufacturing labor costs, and manufacturing
overhead costs.
d. prime costs and manufacturing overhead costs. Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
117. Manufacturing overhead costs may include all EXCEPT a. salaries of the plant janitorial staff. b. labor that can be traced to individual products. c. wages paid for unproductive time due to machine breakdowns. d. overtime premiums paid to plant workers.
Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Objective: 7
118. Debated items that some companies include as direct manufacturing labor include a. fringe benefits. b. vacation pay. c. training time. d. all of the above.
Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
119. Brenda Hicks is paid $10 an hour for straight-time and $15 an hour for overtime. One
week she worked 42 hours, which included 2 hours of overtime. Compensation would be reported as a. $400 of direct labor and $30 of manufacturing overhead. b. $400 of direct labor and $zero of manufacturing overhead. c. $420 of direct labor and $10 of manufacturing overhead. d. $430 of direct labor and $zero of manufacturing overhead.
Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7 Direct labor (42 hours x $10) + Overtime premium (2 hrs x $5) = $430
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120. Rodney Worsham is paid $10 an hour for straight-time and $15 an hour for overtime.
One week he worked 45 hours, which included 5 hours of overtime, and 3 hours of idle time caused by material shortages. Compensation would be reported as a. $370 of direct labor and $105 of manufacturing overhead. b. $420 of direct labor and $55 of manufacturing overhead. c. $450 of direct labor and $25 of manufacturing overhead. d. $445 of direct labor and $30 of manufacturing overhead.
Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Objective: 7
Direct labor (42 hours x $10) + Idle time (3 hrs x $10) + Overtime premium (5 hrs x $5) = $475
121. Which of the following formulas determine cost of goods sold in a merchandising
entity? a. Beginning inventory + Purchases + Ending inventory = Cost of goods sold b. Beginning inventory + Purchases - Ending inventory = Costs of goods sold c. Beginning inventory - Purchases + Ending inventory = Cost of goods sold d. Beginning inventory - Ending inventory - Purchases = Cost of goods sold
Answer: b Difficulty: 1 Objective: 7
122. Which of the following formulas determine cost of goods sold in a manufacturing entity? a. Beginning work-in-process inventory + Cost of goods manufactured - Ending
work-in-process inventory = Cost of goods sold
b. Beginning work-in-process inventory + Cost of goods manufactured + Ending
work-in-process inventory = Cost of goods sold
c. Cost of goods manufactured - Beginning finished goods inventory - Ending
finished goods inventory = Cost of goods sold.
d. Cost of goods manufactured + Beginning finished goods inventory - Ending
finished goods inventory = Cost of goods sold.
Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
123. The following information pertains to the Cannady Corporation:
Beginning work-in-process inventory Ending work-in-process inventory Beginning finished goods inventory Ending finished goods inventory Cost of goods manufactured $ 50,000 48,000 180,000 195,000 1,220,000
What is cost of goods sold? a. $1,235,000 b. $1,205,000 c. $1,218,000 d. $1,222,000
Answer: b Difficulty: 3 $180,000 + $1,220,000 - $195,000 = $1,205,000
Objective: 7
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124. The following information pertains to the Duggan Corporation:
Beginning work-in-process inventory Ending work-in-process inventory Beginning finished goods inventory Ending finished goods inventory Cost of goods manufactured $ 20,000 23,000 36,000 34,000 246,000
What is cost of goods sold? a. $244,000 b. $248,000 c. $243,000 d. $249,000
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 $36,000 + $246,000 - $34,000 = $248,000
Objective: 7
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 125 THROUGH 127. The following information pertains to Harding Company:
Beginning finished goods, 1/1/20x3 Ending finished goods, 12/31/20x3 Cost of goods sold Sales revenue
Operating expenses $ 80,000 67,000 270,000 500,000 145,000
125. What is cost of goods manufactured for 20x3? a. $230,000 b. $257,000 c. $283,000 d. $355,000
Answer: b Difficulty: 2 $270,000 + $67,000 - $80,000 = $257,000
Objective: 7
126. What is gross margin for 20x3? a. $283,000 b. $355,000 c. $230,000 d. $257,000
Answer: c Difficulty: 2 $500,000 - $270,000 = $230,000
Objective: 7
127. What is operating income for 20x3? a. $85,000 b. $112,000 c. $62,000 d. $230,000
Answer: a Difficulty: 2 $500,000 - $270,000 - 145,000 = $85,000
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Objective: 7
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 128 THROUGH 130. The following information pertains to Scott’s Production Company: Beginning finished goods, 1/1/20x3 Ending finished goods, 12/31/20x3 Cost of goods sold Sales revenue Operating expenses
128. What is cost of goods manufactured for 20x3? a. $257,000 b. $350,000 c. $243,000 d. $250,000 Answer: c Difficulty: 2 $250,000 + $33,000 - $40,000 = $243,000
129. What is gross margin for 20x3? a. $243,000 b. $527,000 c. $357,000 d. $350,000 Answer: d Difficulty: 2 $600,000 - $250,000 = $350,000
130. What is operating income for 20x3? a. $230,000 b. $123,000 c. $107,000 d. $157,000 Answer: a Difficulty: 2 $600,000 - $250,000 - 120,000 = $230,000
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$ 40,000 33,000 250,000 600,000 120,000 Objective: Objective: Objective: 7 7 7 THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 131 THROUGH 134. The Singer Company manufactures several different products. Unit costs associated with Product ICT101 are as follows: Direct materials $ 60 Direct manufacturing labor 10 Variable manufacturing overhead 18 Fixed manufacturing overhead 32 Sales commissions (2% of sales) 4 Administrative salaries 16 Total $140
131. What are the variable costs per unit associated with Product ICT101? a. $18 b. $22 c. $88 d. $92 Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: $60 + $10 + $18 + $4 = $92
132. What are the fixed costs per unit associated with Product ICT101? a. $102 b. $48 c. $52 d. $32 Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: $32 + 16 = $48
133. What are the inventoriable costs per unit associated with Product ICT101? a. $120 b. $140 c. $50 d. $88 Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: $60 + $10 + $18 + $32 = $120
134. What are the period costs per unit associated with Product ICT101? a. $4 b. $16 c. $20 d. $52 Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: $4 + 16 = $20
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3 3 7 7 THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 135 THROUGH 138. The West Company manufactures several different products. Unit costs associated with Product ORD203 are as follows: Direct materials $ 40 Direct manufacturing labor 8 Variable manufacturing overhead 12 Fixed manufacturing overhead 23 Sales commissions (2% of sales) 6 Administrative salaries 9 Total $98
135. What are the variable costs per unit associated with Product ORD203? a. $60 b. $83 c. $66 d. $48 Answer: c Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3 $40 + $8 + $12 + $6 = $66
136. What are the fixed costs per unit associated with Product ORD203? a. $23 b. $32 c. $35 d. $44 Answer: b Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3 $23 + 9 = $32
137. What are the inventoriable costs per unit associated with Product ORD203? a. $60 b. $66 c. $48 d. $83 Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7 $40 + $8 + $12 + $23 = $83
138. What are the period costs per unit associated with Product ORD203? a. $15 b. $6 c. $9 d. $27 Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7 $6 + 9 = $15
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139. Product costs may refer to a. inventoriable costs for external reporting. b. design costs plus manufacturing costs for government contracts. c. all costs incurred along the value chain for pricing decisions. d. all of the above refer to product costs, it varies. Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Objective: 8
140. Product costs used for pricing and product-mix decisions generally include a. manufacturing costs only. b. design costs plus manufacturing costs. c. all costs incurred along the value chain. d. distribution costs only. Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Objective: 8
141. Product costs used for government contracts generally include a. manufacturing costs only. b. design costs plus manufacturing costs. c. all costs incurred along the value chain. d. distribution costs only. Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Objective: 8
142. Product costs used for external reporting generally include a. manufacturing costs only. b. design costs plus manufacturing costs. c. all costs incurred along the value chain. d. all of the above definitions of cost, it varies. Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 8
143. Inventoriable costs for external reporting purposes are also referred to as a. product costs. b. period costs. c. variable costs. d. direct manufacturing costs. Answer: a Difficulty: 1 Objective: 8
144. For external reporting a. costs are classified as either inventoriable or period costs. b. costs reflect current values. c. there are no prescribed rules since no one is exactly sure how investors and
creditors will use these numbers.
d. costs include amounts that reflect both current and future benefits. Answer: a Difficulty: 2 Objective: 8
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145. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Product costs and inventoriable costs are interchangeable terms. b. Inventoriable costs are important for GAAP. c. Inventoriable costs are a special case of product costs. d. \"Product costs\" refers to the particular costs of a product for the purpose at hand. Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Objective: 8
146. When making decisions, a. it is best to use unit costs. b. it is best to use average costs. c. it is best to use total costs rather than unit costs. d. all of the above types of costs can be used, depending on the decision. Answer: d Difficulty: 2 Objective: 9
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EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS
147. Lucas Manufacturing has three cost objects that it uses to accumulate costs for its
manufacturing plants. They are: Cost object #1: The physical buildings and equipment Cost object #2: The use of buildings and equipment Cost object #3: The availability and use of manufacturing labor The following manufacturing overhead cost categories are found in the accounting
records: a. Depreciation on buildings and equipment b. Lubricants for machines c. Property insurance d. Supervisors’ salaries e. Fringe benefits f. Property taxes g. Utilities Required: Assign each of the above costs to the most appropriate cost object. Answer: Cost object # 1 includes categories a, c, and f. Cost object # 2 includes categories b and g. Cost object # 3 includes categories d and e. Difficulty: 2 Objective: 1
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148. Archambeau Products Company manufactures office furniture. Recently, the company
decided to develop a formal cost accounting system and classify all costs into three categories. Categorize each of the following items as being appropriate for (1) cost tracing to the finished furniture, (2) cost allocation of an indirect manufacturing cost to the finished furniture, or (3) as a nonmanufacturing item. Cost Cost Nonmanu- Item Tracing Allocation facturing Carpenter wages ________ ________ ________ Depreciation - office building ________ ________ ________ Glue for assembly ________ ________ ________ Lathe department supervisor ________ ________ ________ Lathe depreciation ________ ________ ________ Lathe maintenance ________ ________ ________ Lathe operator wages ________ ________ ________ Lumber ________ ________ ________ Samples for trade shows ________ ________ ________ Metal brackets for drawers ________ ________ ________ Factory washroom supplies ________ ________ ________ Answer: Cost Cost Nonmanu- Item Tracing Allocation facturing Carpenter wages X Depreciation - office building X Glue for assembly X Lathe department supervisor X Lathe depreciation X Lathe maintenance X Lathe operator wages X Lumber X Samples for trade shows X Metal brackets for drawers X Factory washroom supplies X Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
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149. Butler Hospital wants to estimate the cost for each patient stay. It is a general health
care facility offering only basic services and not specialized services such as organ transplants. Required: a. Classify each of the following costs as either direct or indirect with respect to
each patient.
b. Classify each of the following costs as either fixed or variable with respect to
hospital costs per day.
Direct Indirect Fixed Electronic monitoring ______ ______ ______ Meals for patients ______ ______ ______ Nurses' salaries ______ ______ ______ Parking maintenance ______ ______ ______ Security ______ ______ ______ Answer: Direct Indirect Fixed Electronic monitoring X Meals for patients X Nurses salaries X X Parking maintenance X X Security X X Difficulty: 2 Objectives: 2, 3
150. Combs, Inc. reports the following information for September sales:
Sales
$15,000 Variable costs 3,000 Fixed costs
4,000
Operating income $ 8,000
Required:
If sales double in October, what is the projected operating income? Answer:
(15,000 x 2) - ($3,000 x 2) - $4,000 = $20,000
Difficulty: 2
Objective: 4
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Variable ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ Variable X X 151. Axle and Wheel Manufacturing currently produces 1,000 axles per month. The
following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
Direct materials
Direct manufacturing labor
Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs The plant has capacity for 2,000 axles.
$200 30 60 40 $330
Required: a. What is the total cost of producing 1,000 axles? b. What is the total cost of producing 1,500 axles? c. What is the per unit cost when producing 1,500 axles? Answer: a. [($200 + $30 + $60) x 1,000 units] + ($40 x 1,000 units) = $330,000 b. [($200 + $30 + $60) x 1,500 units] + $40,000 = $475,000 c. $475,000 / 1,500 = $316.67 per unit Difficulty: 2 Objective: 4
152. The following information pertains to Ball Company: Manufacturing costs $2,400,000 Units manufactured 40,000 Beginning inventory 0 units 39,800 units are sold during the year for $100 per unit. Required: a. What is the average manufacturing cost per unit? b. What is the amount of ending finished goods inventory? c. What is the amount of gross margin? Answer: a. $2,400,000 / 40,000 = $60.00 b. (40,000 – 39,800) x $60 = $12,000 c. 39,800 x ($100 - $60) = $1,592,000 Difficulty: 2 Objectives: 3, 4, 7
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153. Cheaney Incorporated reports the following information. On January 31, 20x1, Job #101 was the only job in process with accumulated costs of: Direct materials $2,000 Direct manufacturing labor 1,000 Manufacturing overhead 1,000 Total $4,000 During February, Job #102 and Job #103 were started and the following costs were
added: Job #101 Job #102 Direct materials $4,000 $5,000 Direct manufacturing labor 1,000 2,000 Manufacturing overhead 2,000 3,000 Total $7,000 $10,000 On February 28, 20x1: Job #101 was completed and sold for $20,000. Job #102 was completed but not sold. Job #103 remains in production. Required: Using the above information, determine the following amounts: a. Work-in-process inventory on February 1, 20x1. b. Work-in-process inventory on February 28, 20x1. c. Finished goods inventory on February 28, 20x1. d. Cost of goods manufactured for February. e Cost of goods sold for February. f. Gross margin for February. Answer: a. $4,000 b. Job #103 $13,000 c. Job #102 $10,000 d. (Job #101 $11,000) + (Job #102 $10,000) = $21,000 e. Job #101 $11,000 f. $20,000 - $11,000 = $9,000 Difficulty: 2 Objectives: 6, 7
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Job #103 $6,000 3,000 4,000 $13,000 154. Evans Inc. had the following activities during 20x1: Direct materials: Beginning inventory $ 40,000 Purchases 123,200 Ending inventory 20,800 Direct manufacturing labor 32,000 Manufacturing overhead 24,000 Beginning work-in-process inventory 1,600 Ending work-in-process inventory 8,000 Beginning finished goods inventory 48,000 Ending finished goods inventory 32,000 Required: a. What is the cost of direct materials used during 20x1? b. What is cost of goods manufactured for 20x1? c. What is cost of goods sold for 20x1? d. What amount of prime costs was added to production during 20x1? e. What amount of conversion costs was added to production during 20x1? Answer: a. $40,000 + $123,200 - $20,800 = $142,400 b. $142,400 + $32,000 + $24,000 + $1,600 - $8,000 = $192,000 c. $192,000 + $48,000 - $32,000 = $208,000 d. $142,400 + $32,000 = $174,400 e. $32,000 + $24,000 = $56,000 Difficulty: 2 Objectives: 6, 7
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155. Helmer Sporting Goods Company manufactured 100,000 units in 20x3 and reported the
following costs: Sandpaper $ 32,000 Leasing costs - plant $ 384,000 Materials handling 320,000 Depreciation - equipment 224,000 Coolants & lubricants 22,400 Property taxes - equipment 32,000 Indirect manufacturing labor 275,200 Fire insurance - equipment 16,000 Direct manufacturing labor 2,176,000 Direct material purchases 3,136,000 Direct materials, 1/1/x3 384,000 Direct materials, 12/31/x3 275,200 Finished goods, 1/1/x3 672,000 Sales revenue 12,800,000 Finished goods, 12/31/x3 1,280,000 Sales commissions Work-in-process, 1/1/x3 96,000 Sales salaries Work-in-process, 12/31/x3 64,000 Advertising costs Administration costs Required:
a. What is the amount of direct materials used during 20x3? b. What manufacturing costs were added to WIP during 20x3? c. What is cost of goods manufactured for 20x3? d. What is cost of goods sold for 20x3? Answer: a. $384,000 + $3,136,000 - $275,200 = $3,244,800 b. $3,244,800 + $2,176,000 + $32,000 + $320,000 + $22,400 + $275,200 +
$384,000 + $224,000 + $32,000 + $16,000 = $6,726,400
c. $6,726,400 + $96,000 - $64,000 = $6,758,400 d. $6,758,400 + $672,000 - $1,280,000 = $6,150,400 Difficulty: 3 Objectives: 6, 7
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640,000 576,000 480,000 800,000 156. Messinger Manufacturing Company had the following account balances for the quarter
ending March 31, unless otherwise noted:
Work-in-process inventory (January 1) $ 140,400 Work-in-process inventory (March 31) 171,000 Finished goods inventory (January 1) 540,000 Finished goods inventory (March 31) 510,000 Direct materials used 378,000 Indirect materials used 84,000 Direct manufacturing labor 480,000 Indirect manufacturing labor
186,000 Property taxes on manufacturing plant building 28,800 Salespersons' company vehicle costs
12,000 Depreciation of manufacturing equipment 264,000 Depreciation of office equipment 123,600 Miscellaneous plant overhead 135,000 Plant utilities
92,400 General office expenses 305,400
Marketing distribution costs
30,000
Required: a. Prepare a cost of goods manufactured schedule for the quarter. b.
Prepare a cost of goods sold schedule for the quarter.
Answer: a.
Messinger Manufacturing Company Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule
For quarter ending March 31
Direct materials used Direct manufacturing labor
Manufacturing overhead Depreciation of manufacturing equipment $264,000 Indirect manufacturing labor 186,000 Indirect materials 84,000 Miscellaneous plant overhead 135,000 Plant utilities 92,400 Property taxes on building 28,800 Manufacturing costs incurred
Add beginning work-in-process inventory Total manufacturing costs
Less ending work-in-process inventory Cost of goods manufactured
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$ 378,000 480,000
790,200 $1,648,200 140,400 $1,788,600 171,000 $1,617,600
b.
Messinger Manufacturing Company
Cost of Goods Sold Schedule For the quarter ending March 31
$ 540,000 1,617,600 2,157,600 510,000 $1,647,600
Beginning finished goods inventory Cost of goods manufactured Cost of goods available for sale Ending finished goods inventory Cost of goods sold
Difficulty: 2 Objectives: 6, 7
157. Using the following information find the unknown amounts. Assume each set of
information is an independent case.
a. b. c.
Merchandise Inventory Direct Materials
Purchases
Cost of goods sold Beginning balance Ending balance Beginning balance Ending balance Purchases
Direct materials used Ending balance
Cost of goods manufactured Beginning balance
Current manufacturing costs Cost of goods manufactured Ending balance Cost of goods sold Beginning balance
$420,000 446,000 82,000
? $ 14,000 28,000 96,000
? $ 44,000 42,000 16,000
? $124,000 40,000 122,000
?
Work-in-process Inventory
d. Finished Goods Inventory Answer:
a. Ending balance of merchandise inventory: $82,000 + $420,000 - $446,000 = $56,000 b. Direct materials used:
$14,000 + $96,000 - $28,000 = $82,000 c. Current manufacturing costs:
$42,000 + $44,000 - $16,000 = $70,000 d. Beginning balance of finished goods inventory: $40,000 + $122,000 - $124,000 = $38,000 Difficulty: 2
Objectives: 6, 7
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158. Cynthia Evans is paid $20 an hour for straight-time and $30 an hour for overtime. One
week she worked 43 hours, which included 3 hours of overtime.
Required: a. What is Cynthia’s total compensation for the week? b. What amount of compensation would be reported as direct manufacturing labor? c. What amount of compensation would be reported as manufacturing overhead? Answer: a. Direct labor (43 hours x $20) + Overtime premium (3 hrs x $10) = $890 b. Direct manufacturing labor (43 hours x $20) = $860 c. Manufacturing overhead costs = Overtime premium (3 hrs x $10) = $30 Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
159. Leslie Grant is paid $20 an hour for straight-time and $30 an hour for overtime. One
week she worked 46 hours, which included 6 hours of overtime, and 4 hours of idle time caused by material shortages.
Required: a. b. c.
What is Leslie’s total compensation for the week?
What amount of compensation would be reported as direct manufacturing labor? What amount of compensation would be reported as manufacturing overhead?
Answer: a. b. c.
Direct manufacturing labor (42 hours x $20) + Idle time (4 hrs x $20) + Overtime premium (6 hrs x $10) = $980
Direct manufacturing labor (42 hours x $20) = $840
Manufacturing overhead costs = Idle time (4 hrs x $20) + Overtime premium (6 hrs x $10) = $140
Objective: 7
Difficulty: 2
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CRITICAL THINKING
160. What are the differences between direct costs and indirect costs? Give an example of
each. Answer: Direct costs are costs that can be traced easily to the product manufactured or the
service rendered. Examples of direct costs include direct materials and direct
manufacturing labor used in a product. Indirect costs cannot be easily identified with individual products or services rendered, and are usually assigned using allocation formulas. In a plant that manufactures multiple products, examples of indirect costs include the plant supervisor’s salary and the cost of machines used to produce more than one type of product. Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2
161. Describe a variable cost. Describe a fixed cost. Explain why the distinction between
variable and fixed costs is important in cost accounting. Answer: Total variable costs increase with increased production or sales volumes. Fixed costs are not influenced by fluctuations in production or sales volumes. Without the knowledge of cost behaviors, budgets and other forecasting tools will be
inaccurate and unreliable. Understanding whether a cost behaves as a variable or a fixed cost is essential to estimating and planning for business success. Difficulty: 2 Objective: 3
162. When should the overtime premium of direct manufacturing labor be considered an
indirect manufacturing cost? A direct manufacturing cost? Answer: The overtime premium of direct manufacturing labor should be considered an indirect
manufacturing cost when it is attributable to the overall volume of work, and a direct manufacturing cost when a “rush job” is the sole source of the overtime. Difficulty: 2 Objective: 7
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